Christmas
I
INTRODUCTION
Christmas, annual Christian holiday commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ. Most members of the Roman Catholic Church and followers of Protestantism celebrate Christmas on December 25, and many celebrate on the evening of December 24 as well. Members of most Orthodox Churches around the world also celebrate the holiday on December 25. Some Orthodox Christians in Russia, Ukraine, the Holy Land (the historic region of Palestine), and elsewhere celebrate Christmas on January 7 because they follow the Julian calendar. Members of the Armenian Church observe Christmas on January 6, following the unique custom of celebrating both the birth and baptism of Christ on the same day.
The official Christmas season, popularly known as either Christmastide or the Twelve Days of Christmas, extends from the anniversary of Christ’s birth on December 25 to the feast of Epiphany on January 6. On the Epiphany, some Catholics and Protestants celebrate the visit of the Magi while Orthodox Christians, who call the feast Theophany, celebrate the baptism of Christ.
The most important holiday on the Christian calendar is Easter, which commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus. Nevertheless, many people, particularly in the United States and Canada, consider Christmas to be the most significant annual Christian event. In addition to being a religious holiday, Christmas is a widely observed secular festival. For most people who celebrate Christmas, the holiday season is characterized by gatherings among family and friends, feasting, and gift giving.
Christmas is based on the story of Jesus’ birth as described in the Gospel according to Matthew (see Matthew 1:18-2:12) and the Gospel according to Luke (see Luke 1:26-56). Roman Catholics first celebrated Christmas, then known as the Feast of the Nativity, as early as 336 ad. The word Christmas entered the English language sometime around 1050 as the Old English phrase Christes maesse, meaning “festival of Christ.” Scholars believe the frequently used shortened form of Christmas—Xmas—may have come into use in the 13th century. The X stands for the Greek letter chi, an abbreviation of Khristos (Christ), and also represents the cross on which Jesus was crucified.
II
ORIGINS OF CHRISTMAS
Historians are unsure exactly when Christians first began celebrating the Nativity of Christ. However, most scholars believe that Christmas originated in the 4th century as a Christian substitute for pagan celebrations of the winter solstice. Before the introduction of Christmas, each year beginning on December 17 Romans honored Saturn, the ancient god of agriculture, in a festival called Saturnalia. This festival lasted for seven days and included the winter solstice, which usually occurred around December 25 on the ancient Julian calendar. During Saturnalia the Romans feasted, postponed all business and warfare, exchanged gifts, and temporarily freed their slaves. Many Romans also celebrated the lengthening of daylight following the winter solstice by participating in rituals to glorify Mithra, the ancient Persian god of light (see Mithraism). These and other winter festivities continued through January 1, the festival of Kalends, when Romans marked the day of the new moon and the first day of the month and year.
Although the Gospels describe Jesus’ birth in detail, they never mention the date, so historians do not know on what date he was born. The Roman Catholic Church chose December 25 as the day for the Feast of the Nativity in order to give Christian meaning to existing pagan rituals. For example, the Church replaced festivities honoring the birth of Mithra, the god of light, with festivities to commemorate the birth of Jesus, whom the Bible calls the light of the world. The Catholic Church hoped to draw pagans into its religion by allowing them to continue their revelry while simultaneously honoring the birthday of Jesus. The Eastern Orthodox Church took a slightly different course. By the end of the 4th century the Eastern Church in Constantinople had also begun to acknowledge December 25 as Jesus’ birthday, but it emphasized the celebration of Christ’s baptism on January 6 as the more important holiday.
Over the next 1000 years, the observance of Christmas followed the expansion of Christianity into the rest of Europe and into Egypt. Along the way, Christian beliefs combined with existing pagan feasts and winter rituals to create many long-standing traditions of Christmas celebrations. For example, ancient Europeans believed that the mistletoe plant held magic powers to bestow life and fertility, to bring about peace, and to protect against disease. Northern Europeans associated the plant with the Norse goddess of love, Freya, and developed the custom of kissing underneath mistletoe branches. Christians incorporated this custom into their Christmas celebrations, and kissing under a mistletoe branch eventually became a part of secular Christmas tradition.
During the Reformation of the 16th century, Protestants challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, including its toleration of surviving pagan traditions during Christmas festivities. For a brief time during the 17th century, Puritans banned Christmas in England and in some English colonies in North America because they felt it had become a season best known for gambling, flamboyant public behavior, and overindulgence in food and drink.
Europeans who settled in North America often found they had to change their Christmas celebrations because they could not faithfully recreate the traditions of their homelands. For example, colonists in the American South may have aspired to recreate a sense of the English Christmas. But colonial accounts of Christmas celebrations in the South do not mention the presence of mummers (masked or costumed merrymakers) or waits (musicians or carolers paid to perform at Christmastime), both of which were central figures of the traditional English Christmas. Nor do historical accounts describe settlers engaging in such traditional English customs as feasting on boars’ heads or drinking from wassail bowls (bowls filled with spiced ale or wine).
Colonists from England, France, Holland, Spain, and other countries also gradually modified their Christmas ceremonies as they encountered new cultures and traditions in the New World. For example, in large towns, where diverse groups lived close together, the common ground for celebration could often be found in public and secular festivities rather than in potentially divisive religious ceremonies. Thus, at least in New York City, the winter’s holidays often culminated on New Year’s, not Christmas.
III
RISE OF THE MODERN AMERICAN CHRISTMAS
In the United States and Canada, many elements of modern Christmas celebrations did not emerge until the 19th century. Before then Christmas had been an ordinary workday in many communities, particularly in New England, where early Puritan objections to Christmas celebrations remained highly influential. Among some groups, Christmas was an especially boisterous event, characterized by huge feasts, drunkenness, and raucous public revelry. In an English tradition that survived in some parts of North America, Christmas revelers would dress in costume and progress from door to door to receive gifts of food and drink. Most holiday gifts were limited to small amounts of money and modest presents passed from the wealthy to the poor and from masters to their servants. Families almost never exchanged Christmas gifts among themselves.
The rapidly expanding industrial economy of the 19th century not only flooded the market with new goods for sale, but also helped establish a new middle class, one that placed special value on home and family life. Christmas gained increased prominence largely because many people believed it could draw families together and honor children. Giving gifts to children and loved ones eventually replaced the raucous public celebrations of the past, and Christmas became primarily a domestic holiday.
The new custom of Christmas gift giving allowed the marketplace to exert an unprecedented influence on holiday celebrations. Commercial innovations such as department stores and mass advertising further expanded the custom of exchanging Christmas gifts. Seasonal retail sales helped fuel the economy, causing merchants and advertisers to become some of the season’s most ardent promoters. Many holiday celebrants regretted these changes, however, and began voicing the now common lament that Christmas had become too commercial.
Christmas also gained new importance among urban residents. Cities became crowded with immigrants, who introduced a wide variety of religious and cultural practices to North American life. Celebrating Christmas emerged as a way for people from different parts of the world to create a sense of community in the city. The holiday forged a broad, nondenominational sense of Christian spirit while promoting an idealized sense of communal good will.
A
Santa Claus
As Christmas evolved in the United States, new customs were adopted and many old ones were reworked. The legend of Santa Claus, for example, had origins in Europe and was brought by Dutch settlers to New York in the early 18th century. Traditionally, Santa Claus—from the Dutch Sinter Klaas—was depicted as a tall, dignified, religious figure riding a white horse through the air. Known as Saint Nicholas in Germany, he was usually accompanied by Black Peter, an elf who punished disobedient children. In North America he eventually developed into a fat, jolly old gentleman who had neither the religious attributes of Saint Nicholas nor the strict disciplinarian character of Black Peter.
Santa’s transformation began in 1823, when a New York newspaper published the poem “A Visit from Saint Nicholas,” which Clement Clark Moore had written to amuse his daughter. The poem introduced many Americans to the story of a kindly saint who flew over housetops in a reindeer–drawn sleigh. Portraits and drawings of Santa Claus by American illustrator Thomas Nast further strengthened the legend during the second half of the 19th century. Living at the North Pole and assisted by elves, the modern Santa produced and delivered toys to all good children. By the late 19th century he had become such a prominent figure of American folklore that in 1897, when Virginia O’Hanlon wrote to the New York Sun newspaper asking if Santa were real, she received a direct answer: “Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus.”
B
The Christmas Tree
While Santa Claus became increasingly familiar to Americans, the German Christmas tree also acquired popularity in North America. As early as the 17th century, Germans had transformed this pagan symbol of fertility into a Christian symbol of rebirth. According to legend, the Christmas tree tradition began with the founder of German Protestantism, Martin Luther. While walking through the forest on Christmas Eve, Luther was so moved by the beauty of the starlit fir trees that he brought one indoors and decorated it with candles to remind his children of God’s creation. In 1841 Prince Albert of Germany gave his wife, Queen Victoria of England, a gift of a Christmas tree. This was reputedly the first Christmas tree in England, but the custom spread quickly. German immigrants took the Christmas tree to other parts of Europe and to the United States and Canada, where it soon became a popular tradition. Blown-glass ornaments, tin angels, paper chains, candles, cornucopias filled with sugarplums, and other decorations made the simple evergreen tree into a beautiful parlor centerpiece at Christmastime.
C
Christmas Cards
The practice of exchanging Christmas cards also became a widespread custom in the 19th century. Europeans had distributed wood prints of religious themes for Christmas during the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century). In 1843 English illustrator John Callcott Horsley created the first modern Christmas card. The card depicted a family celebration and its caption read, “A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to You.” In the United States, German-born printer Louis Prang made advances in color lithography that enabled him to mass-produce a colorful Christmas card in 1875. The card sold extremely well, and soon the custom of exchanging Christmas cards spread throughout the country.
IV
IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY
The inhabitants of the United States have emigrated from all over the world. As a result, many traditions have mingled to form modern American Christmas celebrations and folklore. Some Swedish American communities hold Santa Lucia festivals to honor a young girl who was killed in the 4th century for her Christian beliefs. German Americans in Pennsylvania create elaborate landscapes, called putzes, beneath their Christmas trees. These displays—made of moss, pine branches, stones, and logs—depict the birth of Christ. Christmas Eve bonfires illuminate the banks of the Mississippi River in Louisiana so that Papa Noël (French for “Father Christmas”) will be able to find his way to the homes of the local Cajun children. In the southwestern United States, Mexican Americans hold festivals called posadas that recreate Mary and Joseph’s search for a place to stay where Mary could give birth to Jesus (see Virgin Mary and Joseph). In addition to these Christian celebrations, the eight-day Jewish festival of Hanukkah and the seven-day African American festival of Kwanzaa are increasingly popular celebrations that coincide with the Christmas season.
Despite this variety of people and faiths, there is a striking unity to Christmas celebrations in the United States. For many people, the holiday season begins with the arrival of Santa Claus in the annual Thanksgiving Day parade in New York City sponsored by Macy’s department store. Television advertisements heralding the beginning of the Christmas shopping season can begin even earlier in autumn. Many Americans participate in a communal sense of holiday spirit: Cities decorate their streets with Christmas lights; stores fill their shelves with extra merchandise; friends and relatives exchange holiday cards; communities decorate public Christmas trees; and volunteers from the Salvation Army ring bells on city streets to solicit charity donations.
Most people who celebrate Christmas also participate in special holiday rituals in their homes. Families often decorate evergreen trees and place colorfully wrapped presents beneath them. A family member might give a reading of “A Visit from Saint Nicholas” or read passages from the Bible. Or families might gather around the television to watch old movie favorites such as It’s a Wonderful Life (1946) and Miracle on 34th Street (1947), or holiday cartoons such as “How the Grinch Stole Christmas” and “Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.” Each year as Christmas approaches, many families attend church pageants that recount the story of Jesus’ birth in Bethlehem. On Christmas Eve, children often hang stockings; they awake in the morning to find the stockings filled with gifts from Santa Claus. Many families attend church on Christmas Eve and open their gifts that evening. Others wait until the next morning to exchange gifts.
V
IN CANADA TODAY
Canada, like the United States, combines sacred and secular customs brought from many parts of the world. Canadians with an English Protestant heritage are likely to enjoy a feast of turkey and plum pudding and focus their holiday celebrations on December 25. The French Catholic population generally attends midnight Mass on Christmas Eve, then holds a Christmas feast known as a réveillon. Many Dutch Canadians begin their Christmas on December 6, when children leave their shoes filled with grain for Santa’s horse, Sleipner. Ukrainian Canadians in the western part of the country celebrate the season much as their ancestors in the Eastern Orthodox church did, by feasting on a 12–course dinner and distributing gifts on January 6.
In Newfoundland and Labrador, an old English custom called mummering has shown signs of being revived. Mummering takes place sometime during the 12 days of Christmas, usually on the night of January 5, the eve of Epiphany which is usually referred to as the Old Twelfth, or Twelfth Night. Adults practice the custom by disguising themselves with masks or by dressing in the clothing of the opposite sex. They visit the homes of friends and neighbors, where they perform a short song or dance while trying not to be identified. In return for their performance, they receive small cakes and wine or perhaps a glass of eggnog, which is a blend of eggs, cream, sugar, and alcohol.
Despite these varied customs, Canadians share the traditions of most modern Christmas celebrations around the world. The holiday helps create a sense of unity among Canadians as they decorate Christmas trees, attend church, shop for and exchange gifts, and join in Christmas feasts.
VI
RELIGIOUS PRACTICE AND POPULAR CUSTOMS
The Bible provides no guidelines that explain how Christmas should be observed, nor does it even suggest that it should be considered a religious holiday. Because of the lack of biblical instructions, Christmas rituals have been shaped by the religious and popular traditions of each culture that celebrates the holiday. Traditionally, the sacred Christmas season starts with Advent, which begins on the fourth Sunday before Christmas and continues to Christmas Day. The sacred season ends on Epiphany, January 6. During Advent, Christians make preparations for the commemoration of Jesus’ birth on December 25, and also look forward to the Second Coming of Christ. Each of the four weeks symbolizes a different way in which believers perceive Christ: through the flesh, the Holy Spirit, death, and Christ’s judgment of the dead. The Advent wreath, which consists of four candles anchored in a circle of evergreen branches, originated with German Lutherans; the tradition has been adopted by many churches and families. At the beginning of each of the four weeks preceding Christmas, Christians light an Advent candle as they say a prayer.
On Christmas Eve, churches around the world hold evening services. At midnight, most Catholic and many Protestant churches hold special candlelight services. The Catholic midnight Mass was first introduced by the Roman Catholic Church in the 5th century. Christmas Masses are sometimes solemn and sometimes buoyant, depending on the particular culture that conducts them. Among some congregations, worshipers enter the church in communal processions. Church services often feature candlelight and organ music. Some also include a dramatization of the biblical story of Jesus’ birth, a practice begun by Saint Francis of Assisi in the 13th century.
Christmas observances have also assimilated remnants of ancient midwinter rituals that celebrate the returning light of the sun following the winter solstice. For example, many cultures continue the pre-Christian custom of burning Yule logs during the midwinter season; the Yule log symbolizes the victory of light over the darkness of winter. The tradition of lighting the Yule log is still observed, especially by Europeans. Families light the log on Christmas Eve and keep it burning until Epiphany. Some families save the remains of the Yule log to help kindle the fire the following year. According to ancient tradition, the ashes provide protection against bad luck during the year.
Christians traditionally exchange gifts as a reminder of God’s gift of a savior to humankind. Gift giving also recalls an ancient Roman custom of exchanging gifts to bring good fortune for the new year. In most cultures that celebrate Christmas, a mythical figure delivers gifts to children. Many of these legendary gift givers bear a passing resemblance to pre-Christian elves and pranksters, who would distribute gifts while also making mischief in the community. As cultures adapted to Christianity, however, the gift givers often required that children behave well in order to receive their treats. This good behavior usually entailed obedience to parents and recitation of verses from the Bible. If the children misbehaved, they might receive a lump of coal or a switch rather than sweets and toys. Since the 19th century, Santa Claus and other mythical gift givers have become increasingly gentle, generous, and forgiving.
VII
CHRISTMAS AROUND THE WORLD
Christmas customs around the world reflect the variety of cultures that celebrate the holiday. For some people, Christmas is primarily a holy day marked by religious services. For others, gift giving, feasting, and good times figure more prominently. At its root, Christmas celebrates one of the fundamental events of Christianity, the birth of Jesus. However, the celebration of Christmas also incorporates many secular customs that have been handed down through families and borrowed from other cultures. This complex layering of sacred and secular observances creates celebrations that vary from nation to nation, and from culture to culture.
A
Among Eastern Orthodox Christians
In Greece and Russia, countries where the Orthodox Church is strongest, Christmas is not as prominent a holiday as it is in the West. Epiphany holds more significance for members of the Orthodox Church, while New Year’s Day is the more popular secular festival in these countries.
A1
In Greece
The Greek Christmas, or Christougenna, pays homage to the Nativity of Christ while also incorporating popular folklore and superstitions. On Christmas Eve, Greek children go from house to house knocking on doors and singing Greek songs that herald the arrival of the Christ child. The family celebration focuses on a Christmas Eve dinner, which, in the Greek Orthodox tradition, follows several weeks of fasting. According to legend, mischievous, often hideous–looking elves called Kallikantzaroi wreak havoc in houses for the next 12 days. Burning incense or leaving a peace offering may offer some protection against the elves. Most families decorate a small wooden cross with basil and dip it into a shallow bowl of water. This is believed to give the water holy powers. The water is then sprinkled throughout the house to keep the mischievous spirits away. In the Greek Orthodox Church, the water bowl and cross are also part of an important Epiphany rite known as the Blessing of the Waters (see Holy Water).
A2
In Russia
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, authorities of the newly formed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) prohibited the practice of all religions. Millions of Russian Orthodox Christians could no longer openly celebrate Christmas or Epiphany. After the USSR dissolved in 1991, however, the Russian Orthodox Church revived Christmas rituals. Like the Greeks, some Russians fast during a period before Christmas. Then, at the sight of the first star in the sky on Christmas Eve, a 12-course supper begins, with one course for each of Jesus’ 12 disciples. The meal includes borscht, or beet soup; stuffed cabbage; and kutiya, a dish of kasha (whole-wheat grains) soaked in water for hours and seasoned with honey, nuts, and crushed poppy seeds.
Despite the widespread influence of Western culture in Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union, the American custom of holiday shopping has not spread among Russians. In fact, December 25th holds little religious or secular significance for most Russians. New Year’s Day remains the most festive holiday in the country. The Russian Pryaznik Zimy (Winter Festival) is celebrated during the Christmas and New Year’s season. Festivities include carnivals, sports, and special circus performances. During this festival, Russians decorate evergreen trees, which they call New Year’s trees. Like Santa Claus, Dyed Moroz (Grandfather Frost) has a white beard and appears dressed in red, with black boots. He arrives on New Year’s Day to give children toys, ginger cakes, and perhaps a traditional set of Matryoshka dolls, which open to reveal smaller dolls nested inside one another.
B
Among Roman Catholics
Among Catholic populations in Europe, Latin America, and the Philippines, Christmas celebrations have distinctive local variations. Nevertheless, Catholics in all these regions share customs that have become longstanding Catholic traditions of the Christmas season. People in many Catholic cultures celebrate the days before Christmas with elaborate public reenactments of Mary and Joseph’s search for lodging before the birth of Jesus. Official Catholic observations of Christmas Day center on three Masses: at midnight, dawn, and during the day. However, the Christmas season among Catholics usually begins with special prayers and church services on or around December 16. Since 1969 the Roman Catholic Church has also observed a holiday known as the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, on January 1. This holiday replaced the traditional Feast of the Circumcision, which commemorated Jesus’ circumcision. The Catholic Christmas season does not end until the Sunday after Epiphany.
B1
In Italy
During the Christmas season Italians perform music at shrines of the Virgin Mary. They also play songs at the homes of carpenters in honor of Saint Joseph, who was a carpenter. On Christmas Eve, after a day of fasting, Italians enjoy a feast of eels and a spaghetti dish with anchovies called cennone. Santa Claus is not a prominent figure in Italian folklore. Instead, Italian children wait for La Befana, a good witch who rides her broom to their homes on Epiphany to distribute gifts. According to folk belief, La Befana—whose name refers to the word Epifania (Epiphany)—was too busy to accompany the Three Wise Men on their journey to visit the infant Jesus in Bethlehem. Now, to atone for her failing, she visits all good children, leaving treats. She also visits bad children and leaves them lumps of coal or bags of ash.
B2
In France
Christmas in France is called Noël. Celebrations reach their peak on Christmas Eve, which tends to be more boisterous than solemn, especially in the cities. The festival meal is the réveillon, a midnight supper that may consist of oysters, sausages, baked ham, fowl, fruit, pastries, and wine. In the French countryside, families often burn a large Yule log and preserve the ashes to protect the home from evil during the coming year. In the cities, the Yule log custom survives as a bûche de noël, a pastry baked in the shape of a log and iced with chocolate cream that is made to look like bark. Children put their shoes in front of the fireplace on Christmas Eve for Pere Noël (Father Christmas) to fill with gifts, but the traditional day for exchanging gifts is New Year’s day. In northern France, children receive gifts on December 6, the feast day of Saint Nicholas.
B3
In Spain
Spaniards attend church at Christmas, but during the Christmas season they also participate in seasonal rituals that can be traced back to pagan times. For example, townspeople gather in village squares around an “urn of fate.” Each person writes his or her name on a piece of paper and places it in the urn. A designated person then draws the names out, two at a time. According to an old belief, those whose names are drawn together will be best friends for the coming year.
Some Spaniards also play a traditional game called Catalonia as part of their observance of Christmas. To play the game, adults fill a hollow tree trunk with candy and nuts, and children hit the tree with long sticks, trying to knock out the treats. The children of Cadiz try to “swing in the sun,” another old wintertime custom. Each child tries to swing higher than the others in order to lead the sun farther north, thereby lengthening the days. In addition to observing Christmas, children in Spain celebrate the eve of Epiphany, popularly known as Noche de Reyes (Twelfth Night). On this night they commemorate the journey of the Three Wise Men who traveled to Bethlehem to pay homage to the Christ child. On Noche de Reyes, children put barley in their shoes and place them outside their doors. The barley is for the wise men to feed their camels while traveling to visit Jesus. By morning, the barley has disappeared and the wise men have left candy and gifts in its place.
B4
In Central and South America
The Spanish conquerors of Latin America brought many of their Christmas traditions with them. Today, Latin American Christmas celebrations mix the strong Catholic heritage and folk culture of Spain with various indigenous customs that predate the Spanish conquest. Because most of South America lies below the equator, Christmas falls during the hottest period of the year there. In the warm December weather of most Latin American countries, people stroll the streets at Christmastime, buying candles, pictures of the Nativity, toys, drinks, and special foods. However, the streets empty as whole communities attend Midnight Mass at local churches. Children in some countries receive gifts on Christmas Eve from either Santa Claus or from a mythical figure of local folklore. In other regions, the Three Wise Men leave gifts for children on the eve of Epiphany.
In Chile, a significant number of people have German heritage, and many Chileans decorate Christmas trees in the German tradition. A traditional Christmas feast in Chile often includes a pudding of dried fruit and a drink called a rompon, which is made with milk, eggs, and alcohol. Chileans also drink a Christmas beverage called cola de mono that is made with coffee, a liqueur, milk, and eggs.
As part of their Christmas celebration, Puerto Ricans go caroling in small processions called trullas. Most people in Puerto Rico wait until the Feast of the Epiphany to exchange gifts. For Epiphany celebrations, children place straw and bowls of water under their beds for the camels of the Three Wise Men. In the morning they find that the straw and water have been replaced with gifts.
Cuba shares a Catholic heritage with the rest of Latin America, but the practice of religion has been officially banned on the island since the Communist regime led by Fidel Castro took power in 1960. In 1997 Castro allowed Cubans to celebrate Christmas in honor of the first visit to the island by Pope John Paul II.
Portuguese colonists brought Roman Catholicism to Brazil in the 16th century. Today, Papai Noel (Father Christmas) and his helpers walk the streets of Brazilian cities to wish people Feliz Natal (Merry Christmas) and give small gifts to children. Because Christmas falls during the summer, many Brazilians celebrate the holiday by having parties on the beach. Midnight Mass is especially popular among the poor, who have no money to buy gifts or to build Nativity scenes. After church, they celebrate by exploding firecrackers and ringing bells.
B5
In Mexico
Mexicans decorate their homes with flowers, evergreen boughs, and colored paper lanterns during the Christmas season. Most houses also build pesebres, replicas of the manger scene where Jesus was born. The main events of the holiday season are the posadas, which begin on December 16 and continue until Christmas Eve. Posadas are evening processions that commemorate Mary and Joseph’s search for lodging. Friends and relatives accompany people dressed as Mary and Joseph; some people in the procession dress as angels. The group goes from house to house carrying candles and singing songs, while Mary and Joseph knock on doors and ask to stay. Each house refuses them entry, but eventually a household invites them in to pray at their presebra. After each posada, participants dance, sing, and eat a large meal. Children often try to break a piñata, a clay or papier-mâché figure filled with sweets and small gifts. Piñatas are usually decorated to look like a donkey, a bird, or some other kind of animal. They are suspended from a tree branch or some other high place, and blindfolded children try to break them with long sticks.
Although some Mexican children hope for a visit from Santa Claus, many wait to receive gifts on Christmas Eve from Quetzalcoatl, a Toltec and Aztec god and the legendary ruler of Mexico (see Aztec Empire). In addition, many children write letters to the Christ child, listing the gifts they hope to receive. On the night before Epiphany, they place their shoes at the foot of their beds for the Three Wise Men to fill with presents.
B6
In the Philippines
Spanish priests introduced Roman Catholicism to the Philippines in the 16th century, and today most Filipinos observe Catholic holidays, including Christmas. The Christmas season starts December 16 with a Mass called the Misa de Gallo. Each Christmas Eve, Filipinos hold the Panunuluyan pageant, in which a couple reenacts Mary and Joseph’s search for shelter. Filipinos do not decorate the inside of their homes, but they carefully cover the outside with flags, colorful flowers, and star-shaped paper lanterns called parols.
C
Among Protestants
After the Reformation in the 16th century, most Protestant churches retained Christmas celebrations, but they attempted to rid the holiday of its surviving pagan customs. During the 17th century Puritans in England and in parts of the American colonies tried to abolish Christmas altogether because they objected to the influence of pre-Christian traditions. However, Christmas eventually was revived among most Protestant communities as a largely secular celebration. Today it is probably the most widely celebrated holiday among Protestants around the world.
C1
In Scandinavia
Because the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are high in the northern hemisphere, daylight hours are extremely short during the midwinter Christmas season. Therefore, many Christmas celebrations there incorporate ancient Yule festivals that honor the first lengthening of days following the winter solstice. For example, Swedes sing carols in honor of the legendary Queen of Light, who is believed to bring hope during periods of darkness.
The holiday season in many parts of Scandinavia begins on December 13 with the celebration of Santa Lucia’s Day. According to legend, Lucia was burned at the stake because she refused to deny her Christian faith and marry a pagan. In her honor, young girls dress in white robes and red sashes, and wear crowns of greenery and glowing candles. In some communities, these girls lead processions of carolers through the streets. Scandinavians also celebrate Christmas by decorating evergreen trees and preparing such special foods as lutefisk (preserved cod); pickled herring; and krummkake, a delicate, cone-shaped cookie. Scandinavians give farm animals extra feed at Christmastime, in memory of the animals that were present when Jesus was born, and leave grain outdoors for birds. According to ancient legends, elves play mischievous tricks during the midwinter season, but they also help Santa Claus bring gifts to children. In Sweden, children hope to receive gifts from Santa Claus, known as Jultomten; in Denmark, he is Nisse; and in Norway, Julenisse. Many children simply know him as Santa Claus and believe that he lives in Greenland.
C2
In Germany
The German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmastime has become one of the most popular images of Christmas around the world. At one time, Germany supplied the world with almost all of the decorative glass ornaments for Christmas trees. The Christmas season begins in Germany during the first week of December, when town squares become filled with stalls selling everything from toys to hot spiced wine. On the evening of December 5, children wait for a visit from Saint Nicholas, who brings them gifts. Most children also receive gifts on Christmas Eve. In some parts of Germany, Santa Claus distributes gifts, but in other regions children’s treats are delivered by Knecht Ruprecht, a mythical figure dressed in animal skins. From Christmas Eve through all of Christmas Day and the next day, stores are closed and all work stops as families exchange gifts, attend church, and wish one another Fröhliche Weihnachten (happy Christmas). On Christmas Eve, families traditionally gather around Christmas trees decorated with lights, ornaments, and Lebkuchen, which are spiced cookies cut into decorative shapes. Church services on Christmas Eve are illuminated by worshipers holding candles.
C3
In England
Religious customs of Christmas celebrations in England center on recounting the story of Christ’s birth. Most people who celebrate Christmas also participate in such secular customs as watching Christmas plays, feasting, singing, and helping the poor. Before Christmas Day, children write wish lists to Father Christmas, who is the British version of Santa Claus. They then throw these letters into the fire. Children believe that if a draft draws the letter up through the chimney, their wishes will be fulfilled. Children open their gifts on Christmas afternoon, following a meal of goose or roast beef and a dessert of plum pudding.
The day after Christmas is also a national holiday in England, known as Boxing Day or Saint Stephen’s Day (see Saint Stephen). Long ago, English gentry gave small gifts known as Christmas boxes to their servants on the day after Christmas. English custom still sets aside Boxing Day for tipping the delivery person and others who have performed personal services throughout the year. Many people in England also make charitable contributions to churches and to the needy on Boxing Day.
C4
In India
The relatively few Christians in India celebrate Christmas with festivities that bear the marks of former British rule. Many decorate Christmas trees, distribute greeting cards, and exchange gifts. Servants accept baksheesh (money tips) from their employers. In turn, the servants give a lemon to the head of the household on Christmas morning as a symbol of their esteem. During the Christmas season, Indians in the southern part of the country decorate their houses with clay lamps at night.
C5
In Australia and New Zealand
Because Australia and New Zealand are in the southern hemisphere, Christmas there falls during summertime. In the warm weather of the season, many Australians and New Zealanders celebrate Christmas with picnics on the beach. British colonizers introduced traditional European holiday customs in the late 18th century, but these customs have since been modified to accommodate local conditions. For example, in addition to making decorations with evergreen boughs and Christmas trees, Australians and New Zealanders adorn their homes with flowers and other summer plants. Australians gather at large festivals to sing Christmas carols by candlelight. Some carols feature imagery of the Australian Christmas bush, a local plant that flowers at Christmastime.
D
Among Africans
Because Christianity is not native to cultures in Africa, the celebration of Christmas is not widespread there. European missionaries introduced Christianity to the continent, so the Christmas celebrations that occur among Africans resemble Western holiday traditions. However, Africans generally embellish European celebrations with their own local customs. For example, in Ghana children travel in groups from house to house, chanting and singing songs that use imagery from local folklore. If a member of a household rewards them with a gift, the children sing a song of thanks. In Ghana and other former English colonies of Africa, children hang their stockings for Father Christmas and carolers make rounds in the community on Boxing Day.
European traditions have similarly influenced regional holiday customs in areas once colonized by various countries of Europe. For example, in the former French colony of the Republic of the Congo, Catholics dramatize Mary and Joseph’s search for lodging, much as Catholic communities do elsewhere in the world. In Ethiopia, Orthodox Christians observe the Julian calendar and celebrate Christmas on January 7. They call this celebration Lidet or Genna, and attend a church service lasting throughout the night.
E
Among Asians
European missionaries also introduced Christianity to the countries of Asia, but relatively small numbers of Asians observe such Christian traditions as Christmas celebrations. Beginning in the early 20th century, increased interest in Western culture has led many Asians to celebrate the holiday, particularly in Japan. However, most Asians who observe Christmas celebrate it primarily as a secular festival. In many countries, businesses welcome the commercial activity generated by Christmas gift giving, and traditional Western decorations transform stores during the holiday season.
E1
In Japan
Although Portuguese missionaries brought Christianity to Japan in 1549, popular Christmas customs were not introduced to the country until the middle of the 19th century. At first, only the wealthier citizens of larger cities observed Christmas. By the 1920s, however, the holiday had become an annual festival even in rural areas and among the lower classes. Textbooks for English-language classes—a compulsory subject in Japanese middle schools—often featured an essay on Christmas and suggested that holiday gift giving expressed the Western idea of democracy.
Today Christmas is celebrated throughout Japan. About half of Japanese households hold a family Christmas celebration, even though it is not a legal holiday. Family feasts include a decorated cake and other holiday treats. Children wait for Santa Claus, or Santa Kurōsu ojiisan, to leave gifts next to their pillows. Usually, though, Christmas acts as a prelude to the more important New Year’s festival.
E2
In China
Although Christianity is not officially sanctioned by the Chinese government, a curiosity about the West and a growing commercial sector in China have led to an increase of Christmas celebrations in the country. Men dressed as Santa Claus appear in stores to hand out candy, and waiters in restaurants wear Santa hats. The relatively small number of Chinese Christians celebrate the holiday by building artificial trees—called trees of light—and decorating them with paper chains, flowers, lanterns, and other ornaments. Children hang muslin stockings in hopes that the mythical figure Dun Che Lao Ren will fill them with presents.
F
In Bethlehem
In December, thousands of Christians from all over the world gather in Bethlehem, the town of Jesus’ birth, to witness annual rituals at the Church of the Nativity. On Christmas Eve, a horseman bearing a large cross leads a procession of church members and dignitaries into the church. They continue down steep stairs and enter the Grotto of the Nativity, a long, narrow underground cavern. Carrying an ancient image of the baby Jesus, which they wrap in swaddling clothes, they place the figure in a manger at what is believed to be the actual birthplace of Christ.
Contributed By:Penne Restad
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Thursday, November 8, 2007
christmas
holidays on the net holiday celebrations days & dates fun & wacky daily holidays greeting cards holiday travel email
Christmas on the Net Search Holidays on the Net Holiday Celebrations
Welcome to
Christmas on the Net
Christmas is a time for Families, Fun, and Festivities! A time of family gatherings and holiday meals. A time for Santa, stars, and singing carolers. A time for ornaments, gifts, and twinkling lights. Of sleigh rides, hot cocoa, and gingerbread cookies
So here for your entertainment are some fun Holiday things for you and your family.
We've got stories of Christmas and the Christ Child, holiday music for singing along, tasty holiday recipes, and holiday pictures for the kids to print and color. And enjoy our daily Video Advent Calendar as you countdown to Christmas. We hope you find something you like!
So bring your kids and tell your friends. And please stop by again. Don't forget to sign our Guestbook before you leave.
Story continues below - Advertisement - Story continues below
Funny Christmas Cards & Greeting Cards
Find a variety of themed humorous Christmas cards at CardsDirect.com. Customize your business Christmas cards with photos and your corporate logo.
Personalized Christmas Ornaments
Over 1,400 personalized Christmas ornaments. Huge variety of themes for all occasions. Free personalization. Buy 5 or more ornaments and get free shipping!
Christmas Ornaments
The World's Finest Selection of Personalized Christmas Ornaments for Any Occasion, Timeless Gifts to Tell Someone How Much You Care.
Holiday Christmas Gifts
Over 1000 quality Christmas gifts and holiday gift baskets by TGBP.
Holiday Greeting Cards
by CardsDirect
10-40% off custom holiday greeting cards - Christmas, Thanksgiving, any occasion.
Cheap Air Flights
flightcomparison.co.uk
Flight Comparison - Helping you find the cheapest UK flights on the web.
Travel Insurance
www.insureandgo.com
Providing cheap travel and holiday insurance cover
Sponsored Text-LinksEasily reach millions of our holiday-centric visitors with a "sponsored" text link.
Luxury Holidays
Flights & Hotels
Dubai Holidays
Thailand Holidays
Mauritius Holidays
Maldives Holidays
Holiday Reviews
Car Hire in Spain
NO hidden Costs
Alicante 96€ Malaga 96€
Mallorca 96€ Tenerife 96€
Create Your Ideal Holiday
Book flights, hotels and car hire for great holiday deals to destinations in Europe and Worldwide at ULookUBook
Cheap Holidays
Bargain Holidays
Last Minute Holidays
Package Holidays 2007
Cruise Holidays
Ski Holidays
Car Rental Spain
Car Hire Italy
Car Hire France
Car Hire Spain
Car hire Barcelona
Car hire Malaga
Car Hire
Malaga 84€ Alicante 85€
Faro 82€ Rome 211€
Car Hire in Spain
Alicante Car Hire
Barcelona Car Hire
Valencia Car Hire
Murcia Car Hire
Cheap Holidays
All Inclusive Holidays
Family Holidays
Last Minute Holidays
Alquiler de Coches
Car Rental Malaga
Car Rental Alicante
Car Rental Mallorca
Car Hire Sevilla
Create Holidays &
City Breaks Worldwide
Caribbean Dubai
Maldives Mauritius
Cyprus
Canary Islands
Canary Islands
Get Hotel
Car Hire
Car Rental
Hotels
FREE 360º Virtual ToursFREE 360º Virtual Tours of some of the most exciting travel destinations and attractions.Including: US, UK, Italy, Mexico, Canada, Burmuda, Bahamas, Caribbean, Hawaii
Business Holiday Cards
1st Class Christmas Cards has over 400 holiday cards selected especially for businesses and corporations. Personalize and preview your holiday cards right on our web site.
Christmas Gift Baskets
10-30% off all Christmas Gift Baskets and Holiday Gifts by The Gift Basket Pros!
The Story of Christmas
Celebrating Winter Festivals for 4000 Years
The Story of the Christ Child and Christmas
The Religious Meaning of Christmas
The Many Faces of Santa
HO HO HO!!!
The Christmas Tree
"Oh Tannenbaum, Oh Tannenbaum..."
The Christmas Stocking
A Christmas Stocking Legend
Christmas Blog
Check out the latest articles and postings about Christmas from our holiday blog site - Holiday Rap
(November 07) This Week we're celebrating . . . Dear Santa Letter Week
Sharing the Fun! Add Our Holiday Widget to Your Blog
Its beginning to look a lot like Christmas
(July 12) This Month we're celebrating . . . Christmas in July
Zoe's Page
11 year old's holiday animation
Goodies
Make some Ornaments with our Holiday Craft projects
Holiday Screensavers(sponsored link)
Download Fun & FREE Fall & Winter Holiday, Christmas and Chanukah Screensavers and desktop wallpaper for your computer
Holiday Coloring Pictures
Get out your crayons - holiday pictures to print and color
The Voices of Christmas
Listen to our visitors say "Merry Christmas" in their native languages. (Please help us as we begin a new holiday tradition by adding your holiday greeting. Click for instructions.)
Holiday Music
Turn up the Speakers and enjoy the holiday spirit
Clicking will launch a new window and music will play
Holiday Video Advent Calendar
Holiday on the Net's 2006 Holiday Video Countdown to Christmas.
This year we've put together an Advent Calendar featuring some fun, interesting, and we hope entertaining, holiday video clips to help you countdown to Christmas.
Presidential Christmas
2005 Presidential Christmas Message
Also Presidential Christmas Cards for 2001, 2000, 1998, 1997, 1996
Website Search
Easily Search our Website or the Web for the Holiday information you need
Christmas Recipes
Some fun and tasty Christmas recipes to help celebrate the holiday
Christmas Books, Music, and Videos
Holidays on the Net has joined with Amazon.com to offer you and your family books, music CDs, DVDs, videos and more to enjoy your holiday celebration. Easily search Amazon.com's selections.
Christmas Greeting Cards
Send your friends and family FREE Christmas Email Greeting cards
Holiday Picture Taking Guide
Bring Holiday Cheer to Friends and Family with Our Holiday Picture-Taking Guide
Presented in association with Kodak
Join our Mailing List
We'll keep you informed of future
Holidays on the Net Celebrations
Link
Interested in adding a link to our website? Here's the scoop...
Website Awards
"You Like Us! You Really Like US!...
Find a large selection of santa claus suits online
All images, animation, text, video, java, javascript, audio, html
© Copyright 1995-2007, Studio Melizo
Reproduction or other use without written consent is illegal
[ HOME ] [ STORY ] [ CHRIST ] [ SANTA ] [ CHRISTMAS GIFT BASKETS ]
[ TREE ] [ STOCKING ] [ ADVENT CALENDAR ] [ CARDS ] [ GOODIES ]
[ SCREENSAVERS ] [ CRAFTS ] [ HOLIDAY GIFTS ]
A Production Of
Holiday Celebrations on the World Wide Web
Visit Our Other Holiday Celebrations
Sponsored by
Studio Melizo
Web Design and Maintenance
Questions, Problems, or Comments?
holidayboss@holidays.net
FREE
Holiday Screensavers
Search Our WebsiteSearch The Web X
Home
Story of Christmas
Christmas & the Christ Child
The Many Faces of Santa
The Christmas Tree
The Christmas Stocking
Goodies
Crafts
The Voices of Christmas
Animated Advent Calendar
Presidential Christmas
Holiday Picture Guide
Fun & Tasty Recipes
E-Greeting Cards
Email
Home
Christmas Coloring Pictures
Kids Christmas Animation
Craft: Bird house Christmas Tree Ornament
Craft: Braided Baubles (Ornaments)
U.S. Presidential Christmas Message 2005
U.S. Presidential Christmas Card 2001
U.S. Presidential Christmas Card 2000
U.S. Presidential Christmas Card 1998
U.S. Presidential Christmas Card 1997
U.S. Presidential Christmas Card 1996
Holidays on the Net Home
Holiday Celebrations
Holiday Dates
Holiday Search
E-Greeting Cards
Crafts & Coloring Pictures
Holiday Recipes
Holiday Gifts
Contact Info
Emailing Lists
Advertising Inquiries
Website
Holiday Web Directory
Visit our Fall/Winter Holiday Celebrations
Halloween on the Net
Thanksgiving on the Net
Chanukah on the Net
Kwanzaa on the Net
Ramadan on the Net
Christmas on the Net Search Holidays on the Net Holiday Celebrations
Welcome to
Christmas on the Net
Christmas is a time for Families, Fun, and Festivities! A time of family gatherings and holiday meals. A time for Santa, stars, and singing carolers. A time for ornaments, gifts, and twinkling lights. Of sleigh rides, hot cocoa, and gingerbread cookies
So here for your entertainment are some fun Holiday things for you and your family.
We've got stories of Christmas and the Christ Child, holiday music for singing along, tasty holiday recipes, and holiday pictures for the kids to print and color. And enjoy our daily Video Advent Calendar as you countdown to Christmas. We hope you find something you like!
So bring your kids and tell your friends. And please stop by again. Don't forget to sign our Guestbook before you leave.
Story continues below - Advertisement - Story continues below
Funny Christmas Cards & Greeting Cards
Find a variety of themed humorous Christmas cards at CardsDirect.com. Customize your business Christmas cards with photos and your corporate logo.
Personalized Christmas Ornaments
Over 1,400 personalized Christmas ornaments. Huge variety of themes for all occasions. Free personalization. Buy 5 or more ornaments and get free shipping!
Christmas Ornaments
The World's Finest Selection of Personalized Christmas Ornaments for Any Occasion, Timeless Gifts to Tell Someone How Much You Care.
Holiday Christmas Gifts
Over 1000 quality Christmas gifts and holiday gift baskets by TGBP.
Holiday Greeting Cards
by CardsDirect
10-40% off custom holiday greeting cards - Christmas, Thanksgiving, any occasion.
Cheap Air Flights
flightcomparison.co.uk
Flight Comparison - Helping you find the cheapest UK flights on the web.
Travel Insurance
www.insureandgo.com
Providing cheap travel and holiday insurance cover
Sponsored Text-LinksEasily reach millions of our holiday-centric visitors with a "sponsored" text link.
Luxury Holidays
Flights & Hotels
Dubai Holidays
Thailand Holidays
Mauritius Holidays
Maldives Holidays
Holiday Reviews
Car Hire in Spain
NO hidden Costs
Alicante 96€ Malaga 96€
Mallorca 96€ Tenerife 96€
Create Your Ideal Holiday
Book flights, hotels and car hire for great holiday deals to destinations in Europe and Worldwide at ULookUBook
Cheap Holidays
Bargain Holidays
Last Minute Holidays
Package Holidays 2007
Cruise Holidays
Ski Holidays
Car Rental Spain
Car Hire Italy
Car Hire France
Car Hire Spain
Car hire Barcelona
Car hire Malaga
Car Hire
Malaga 84€ Alicante 85€
Faro 82€ Rome 211€
Car Hire in Spain
Alicante Car Hire
Barcelona Car Hire
Valencia Car Hire
Murcia Car Hire
Cheap Holidays
All Inclusive Holidays
Family Holidays
Last Minute Holidays
Alquiler de Coches
Car Rental Malaga
Car Rental Alicante
Car Rental Mallorca
Car Hire Sevilla
Create Holidays &
City Breaks Worldwide
Caribbean Dubai
Maldives Mauritius
Cyprus
Canary Islands
Canary Islands
Get Hotel
Car Hire
Car Rental
Hotels
FREE 360º Virtual ToursFREE 360º Virtual Tours of some of the most exciting travel destinations and attractions.Including: US, UK, Italy, Mexico, Canada, Burmuda, Bahamas, Caribbean, Hawaii
Business Holiday Cards
1st Class Christmas Cards has over 400 holiday cards selected especially for businesses and corporations. Personalize and preview your holiday cards right on our web site.
Christmas Gift Baskets
10-30% off all Christmas Gift Baskets and Holiday Gifts by The Gift Basket Pros!
The Story of Christmas
Celebrating Winter Festivals for 4000 Years
The Story of the Christ Child and Christmas
The Religious Meaning of Christmas
The Many Faces of Santa
HO HO HO!!!
The Christmas Tree
"Oh Tannenbaum, Oh Tannenbaum..."
The Christmas Stocking
A Christmas Stocking Legend
Christmas Blog
Check out the latest articles and postings about Christmas from our holiday blog site - Holiday Rap
(November 07) This Week we're celebrating . . . Dear Santa Letter Week
Sharing the Fun! Add Our Holiday Widget to Your Blog
Its beginning to look a lot like Christmas
(July 12) This Month we're celebrating . . . Christmas in July
Zoe's Page
11 year old's holiday animation
Goodies
Make some Ornaments with our Holiday Craft projects
Holiday Screensavers(sponsored link)
Download Fun & FREE Fall & Winter Holiday, Christmas and Chanukah Screensavers and desktop wallpaper for your computer
Holiday Coloring Pictures
Get out your crayons - holiday pictures to print and color
The Voices of Christmas
Listen to our visitors say "Merry Christmas" in their native languages. (Please help us as we begin a new holiday tradition by adding your holiday greeting. Click for instructions.)
Holiday Music
Turn up the Speakers and enjoy the holiday spirit
Clicking will launch a new window and music will play
Holiday Video Advent Calendar
Holiday on the Net's 2006 Holiday Video Countdown to Christmas.
This year we've put together an Advent Calendar featuring some fun, interesting, and we hope entertaining, holiday video clips to help you countdown to Christmas.
Presidential Christmas
2005 Presidential Christmas Message
Also Presidential Christmas Cards for 2001, 2000, 1998, 1997, 1996
Website Search
Easily Search our Website or the Web for the Holiday information you need
Christmas Recipes
Some fun and tasty Christmas recipes to help celebrate the holiday
Christmas Books, Music, and Videos
Holidays on the Net has joined with Amazon.com to offer you and your family books, music CDs, DVDs, videos and more to enjoy your holiday celebration. Easily search Amazon.com's selections.
Christmas Greeting Cards
Send your friends and family FREE Christmas Email Greeting cards
Holiday Picture Taking Guide
Bring Holiday Cheer to Friends and Family with Our Holiday Picture-Taking Guide
Presented in association with Kodak
Join our Mailing List
We'll keep you informed of future
Holidays on the Net Celebrations
Link
Interested in adding a link to our website? Here's the scoop...
Website Awards
"You Like Us! You Really Like US!...
Find a large selection of santa claus suits online
All images, animation, text, video, java, javascript, audio, html
© Copyright 1995-2007, Studio Melizo
Reproduction or other use without written consent is illegal
[ HOME ] [ STORY ] [ CHRIST ] [ SANTA ] [ CHRISTMAS GIFT BASKETS ]
[ TREE ] [ STOCKING ] [ ADVENT CALENDAR ] [ CARDS ] [ GOODIES ]
[ SCREENSAVERS ] [ CRAFTS ] [ HOLIDAY GIFTS ]
A Production Of
Holiday Celebrations on the World Wide Web
Visit Our Other Holiday Celebrations
Sponsored by
Studio Melizo
Web Design and Maintenance
Questions, Problems, or Comments?
holidayboss@holidays.net
FREE
Holiday Screensavers
Search Our WebsiteSearch The Web X
Home
Story of Christmas
Christmas & the Christ Child
The Many Faces of Santa
The Christmas Tree
The Christmas Stocking
Goodies
Crafts
The Voices of Christmas
Animated Advent Calendar
Presidential Christmas
Holiday Picture Guide
Fun & Tasty Recipes
E-Greeting Cards
Home
Christmas Coloring Pictures
Kids Christmas Animation
Craft: Bird house Christmas Tree Ornament
Craft: Braided Baubles (Ornaments)
U.S. Presidential Christmas Message 2005
U.S. Presidential Christmas Card 2001
U.S. Presidential Christmas Card 2000
U.S. Presidential Christmas Card 1998
U.S. Presidential Christmas Card 1997
U.S. Presidential Christmas Card 1996
Holidays on the Net Home
Holiday Celebrations
Holiday Dates
Holiday Search
E-Greeting Cards
Crafts & Coloring Pictures
Holiday Recipes
Holiday Gifts
Contact Info
Emailing Lists
Advertising Inquiries
Website
Holiday Web Directory
Visit our Fall/Winter Holiday Celebrations
Halloween on the Net
Thanksgiving on the Net
Chanukah on the Net
Kwanzaa on the Net
Ramadan on the Net
me
HAYAT ALI SHAH
House No. 140 Sector F-4, Phase-VI, Hayatabad Peshawar (Tel: 91-92-5860242)
Profession Consultant Tourism, Planning & Development, Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation
(Free lance)
Nationality Pakistani (Mardan-NWFP)
Year of Birth 04 December 1963
Nat'l ID# 17301-3651026-9
Languages Pushto, Urdu, English, Kowar and Hindko
Key Qualification: Over fifteen years of extensive experience in community based participatory Assessment Monitoring and Evaluation in the province of North West Frontier and Northern Areas. Monitoring Programme indicators e.g. savings, credit utilization, marketing surplus, agriculture inputs, human based resource development, livestock development and in general participatory programs of sustainable development in multi disciplinary sectors particularly social organization. Monthly, Quarterly and Annual Reporting, review workshops, fortnightly programme planning meetings and conferences. Preparation of work plans, Marketing Strategy & proposals for donors in collaboration with management personnel. Planning through Zeal Oriented Project Planning (ZOPP) and highlighting the achievements or short falls on regular basis to the management personnel. Well versed with Target oriented project planning matrix, planning commission form one, two, three, four & five of the Government of Pakistan as well as project implementation/planning & other international agencies. Latest experience includes environmental friendly tourism projects execution & planning with special reference to cultural heritage and environment conservation through public private partnership.
Education
· Masters in International Relations (1990)
· Masters in Political Science (1992)
· Bachelors in Economics and Political Science (1986, 2nd Div)
· FSc / HSc (Natural Sciences – 1982)
· SSC / Matric (Natural Sciences – 1980)
· Diploma in Travel, Tour & Hospitality (1997-STC/Tourism Deptt)
· Certificate in Word Processing & Cobol (1986-Saigol Computers, Pesh)
· Certificate from ITDIJ/JICA Japan in Tourism Promotion & Marketing (2001)
· Certificate from Pakistan Computer Bureau in MS Office Automation Course [2002]
Professional Development
· Participated in one month Participatory Action Research & Planning (PAR&P) Training arranged by Small Scale Enterprise Promotion Programme at Islamabad.
· Attended two courses in Word Processing and COBOL Programming with Saigol Computers Peshawar.
· Participated in Monitoring and Evaluation Workshop held by Institute of Social Science at Peshawar in July 1992.
· Participated in Business letter writing and report writing course held by International Rescue Committee Peshawar, Public Administration Section.
· Attended NGD 77SOII at PAF Risalpur as Flight Lieutenant(SPSSC-ED)
· Attended SPCS Partners Training/spread over six modules including orientation by LEAD
· Attended mountain tourism training arranged by ICIMOD at Abbottabad.
· Participated in Office Procedure & management at STI/SGAD for Officers.
· Participated in 3 day HRD FOR DEVELOPMENT PROFESSIONAL PARD
· Workshop on IEE/EIA attended with IUCN/SPCS & M&E indicators
· SKIM/PCI workshop and EPA workshop attended
· Tourism Promotion and Marketing training from ITDIJ, Japan (May to July 2001)
Work Experience
· February 02, Tourism Department Peshawar GoNWFP
2001-todate
Planning Officer in additoin to duties as Manager P.E.D & Special Projects(Management Cadre) Sarhad Tourism Corporation Peshawar GoNWFP
Responsible for
Proposals, Reports, Budgets Sustainable Tourism Development Promotion and Policy Guidelines for the Department of sports. Culture,Archaeology,Museums and Youth Affairs Yearly portfolio of Rs. 255Million for 2007-08.
· August 27, Sarhad Tourism Corporation Peshawar GoNWFP
95-to date Manager P.E.D & Special Projects(Management cadre)
Responsible for
Proposals, Reports, Budgets Sustainable Tourism Development Promotion and Policy Guidelines.
· August 1-22 Pakistan Air Force Risalpur
1995 Flight Lieutenant [PAK NO:779516]
(Released from DOS, Reisalpur on 21/8/95)
Responsible for
Instructional duties at Directorate of Studies & Officer General Cadre (OGC).
· April 4 to GoNWFP Planning Environment and Development
July 31, 95 Department, Barani Development Office (BDO), Special Development Unit (SDU), Monitoring Economist(BS-18)
Responsible for
Supervision of budgets, progress, planning, research, consultants and NGOs Sarhad Rural Support Corporation (SRSC)
· August 1993 Protection of Environment and Rural Development
to date GPO Box 604 Peshawar Consultant Monitoring & Evaluation and Member Executive Committee
Responsible for:
Preparation of budgets, plans, reports, evaluation and arrangements of computerizing the database.
· Jan to Feb Sarhad Rural Support Corporation Peshawar
1993 Planning Monitoring, Evaluation & Research Officer
Responsible for:
Preparation of budgets, plans, reports, evaluation and arrangements of computerizing the database.
· Nov. 1991 GTZ Fuel Efficient Cooking Technologies Project Dec. 1992 GoP/GTZ Peshawar Senior Monitoring Officer
Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) Unit
Responsible for:
Ø Assessment of Fuel use patterns in households of baking nans.
Ø Monitoring of activities with respect to multi-post fuel efficient bakeries.
Ø Preparation of monthly progress reports, reviews and plan of action for next month
Ø Introduction of programme planning matrix and target oriented reporting system.
Ø Preparation of compilation of research studies on various program activities in relation to environmental awareness and protection.
Ø Preparation of PC-1 Angebot and proposals for donors.
· Jan 1987 Agha Khan Rural Support Program Chitral Project
to Mar 1991 Monitor.
Responsible for:
Ø Assisting the senior Monitor in preparation of proposals for donors and research studies.
Ø Reporting on monthly and weekly planning or review meetings.
Ø Collection of data for compilation of monthly, quarterly and annual review and monitoring programme indicators.
Ø Coordinating the inter linking of WID, Agriculture, HRD, Engineering, Marketing, Social Organization, Credit and banking section of the programme.
Ø Undertaking in collaboration with interns from educational institutions research studies, impact studies in credit utilization and audit of village organization savings and banking records.
Ø Formulating targets in consultation with various programming staff for five ten and fifteen years.
· Jan to Feb Agha Khan Rural Support Programme, Gilgit
1983 Internship-Assistant to Program Economist
Responsible for:
Ø Assisting the programme Economist in data collection.
Ø Compilation of baseline data.
Ø Working for all senior management staff as their supportive assistant.
Ø Publications and Reports
Ø Numerous working papers, discussion notes, proposals, research papers, articles and studies conducted, compiled and circulated. Especially Management Information Systems and planning, M&E as well as Participatory Action Research and planning.
NTN
:
0863161
Name of Individual
:
HAYAT ALI SHAH
Old Nic No
:
137-63-019043
New Nic No
:
1730136510269
Address
:
KHYBER ROAD PESHAWAR HAYATABAD PESHAWAR,PESHAWAR
House No. 140 Sector F-4, Phase-VI, Hayatabad Peshawar (Tel: 91-92-5860242)
Profession Consultant Tourism, Planning & Development, Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation
(Free lance)
Nationality Pakistani (Mardan-NWFP)
Year of Birth 04 December 1963
Nat'l ID# 17301-3651026-9
Languages Pushto, Urdu, English, Kowar and Hindko
Key Qualification: Over fifteen years of extensive experience in community based participatory Assessment Monitoring and Evaluation in the province of North West Frontier and Northern Areas. Monitoring Programme indicators e.g. savings, credit utilization, marketing surplus, agriculture inputs, human based resource development, livestock development and in general participatory programs of sustainable development in multi disciplinary sectors particularly social organization. Monthly, Quarterly and Annual Reporting, review workshops, fortnightly programme planning meetings and conferences. Preparation of work plans, Marketing Strategy & proposals for donors in collaboration with management personnel. Planning through Zeal Oriented Project Planning (ZOPP) and highlighting the achievements or short falls on regular basis to the management personnel. Well versed with Target oriented project planning matrix, planning commission form one, two, three, four & five of the Government of Pakistan as well as project implementation/planning & other international agencies. Latest experience includes environmental friendly tourism projects execution & planning with special reference to cultural heritage and environment conservation through public private partnership.
Education
· Masters in International Relations (1990)
· Masters in Political Science (1992)
· Bachelors in Economics and Political Science (1986, 2nd Div)
· FSc / HSc (Natural Sciences – 1982)
· SSC / Matric (Natural Sciences – 1980)
· Diploma in Travel, Tour & Hospitality (1997-STC/Tourism Deptt)
· Certificate in Word Processing & Cobol (1986-Saigol Computers, Pesh)
· Certificate from ITDIJ/JICA Japan in Tourism Promotion & Marketing (2001)
· Certificate from Pakistan Computer Bureau in MS Office Automation Course [2002]
Professional Development
· Participated in one month Participatory Action Research & Planning (PAR&P) Training arranged by Small Scale Enterprise Promotion Programme at Islamabad.
· Attended two courses in Word Processing and COBOL Programming with Saigol Computers Peshawar.
· Participated in Monitoring and Evaluation Workshop held by Institute of Social Science at Peshawar in July 1992.
· Participated in Business letter writing and report writing course held by International Rescue Committee Peshawar, Public Administration Section.
· Attended NGD 77SOII at PAF Risalpur as Flight Lieutenant(SPSSC-ED)
· Attended SPCS Partners Training/spread over six modules including orientation by LEAD
· Attended mountain tourism training arranged by ICIMOD at Abbottabad.
· Participated in Office Procedure & management at STI/SGAD for Officers.
· Participated in 3 day HRD FOR DEVELOPMENT PROFESSIONAL PARD
· Workshop on IEE/EIA attended with IUCN/SPCS & M&E indicators
· SKIM/PCI workshop and EPA workshop attended
· Tourism Promotion and Marketing training from ITDIJ, Japan (May to July 2001)
Work Experience
· February 02, Tourism Department Peshawar GoNWFP
2001-todate
Planning Officer in additoin to duties as Manager P.E.D & Special Projects(Management Cadre) Sarhad Tourism Corporation Peshawar GoNWFP
Responsible for
Proposals, Reports, Budgets Sustainable Tourism Development Promotion and Policy Guidelines for the Department of sports. Culture,Archaeology,Museums and Youth Affairs Yearly portfolio of Rs. 255Million for 2007-08.
· August 27, Sarhad Tourism Corporation Peshawar GoNWFP
95-to date Manager P.E.D & Special Projects(Management cadre)
Responsible for
Proposals, Reports, Budgets Sustainable Tourism Development Promotion and Policy Guidelines.
· August 1-22 Pakistan Air Force Risalpur
1995 Flight Lieutenant [PAK NO:779516]
(Released from DOS, Reisalpur on 21/8/95)
Responsible for
Instructional duties at Directorate of Studies & Officer General Cadre (OGC).
· April 4 to GoNWFP Planning Environment and Development
July 31, 95 Department, Barani Development Office (BDO), Special Development Unit (SDU), Monitoring Economist(BS-18)
Responsible for
Supervision of budgets, progress, planning, research, consultants and NGOs Sarhad Rural Support Corporation (SRSC)
· August 1993 Protection of Environment and Rural Development
to date GPO Box 604 Peshawar Consultant Monitoring & Evaluation and Member Executive Committee
Responsible for:
Preparation of budgets, plans, reports, evaluation and arrangements of computerizing the database.
· Jan to Feb Sarhad Rural Support Corporation Peshawar
1993 Planning Monitoring, Evaluation & Research Officer
Responsible for:
Preparation of budgets, plans, reports, evaluation and arrangements of computerizing the database.
· Nov. 1991 GTZ Fuel Efficient Cooking Technologies Project Dec. 1992 GoP/GTZ Peshawar Senior Monitoring Officer
Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) Unit
Responsible for:
Ø Assessment of Fuel use patterns in households of baking nans.
Ø Monitoring of activities with respect to multi-post fuel efficient bakeries.
Ø Preparation of monthly progress reports, reviews and plan of action for next month
Ø Introduction of programme planning matrix and target oriented reporting system.
Ø Preparation of compilation of research studies on various program activities in relation to environmental awareness and protection.
Ø Preparation of PC-1 Angebot and proposals for donors.
· Jan 1987 Agha Khan Rural Support Program Chitral Project
to Mar 1991 Monitor.
Responsible for:
Ø Assisting the senior Monitor in preparation of proposals for donors and research studies.
Ø Reporting on monthly and weekly planning or review meetings.
Ø Collection of data for compilation of monthly, quarterly and annual review and monitoring programme indicators.
Ø Coordinating the inter linking of WID, Agriculture, HRD, Engineering, Marketing, Social Organization, Credit and banking section of the programme.
Ø Undertaking in collaboration with interns from educational institutions research studies, impact studies in credit utilization and audit of village organization savings and banking records.
Ø Formulating targets in consultation with various programming staff for five ten and fifteen years.
· Jan to Feb Agha Khan Rural Support Programme, Gilgit
1983 Internship-Assistant to Program Economist
Responsible for:
Ø Assisting the programme Economist in data collection.
Ø Compilation of baseline data.
Ø Working for all senior management staff as their supportive assistant.
Ø Publications and Reports
Ø Numerous working papers, discussion notes, proposals, research papers, articles and studies conducted, compiled and circulated. Especially Management Information Systems and planning, M&E as well as Participatory Action Research and planning.
NTN
:
0863161
Name of Individual
:
HAYAT ALI SHAH
Old Nic No
:
137-63-019043
New Nic No
:
1730136510269
Address
:
KHYBER ROAD PESHAWAR HAYATABAD PESHAWAR,PESHAWAR
Sunday, September 23, 2007
culture
India
More than 1 billion people live in India, a country in southern Asia. Only China has more people. The people of India speak more than 100 different languages.
Facts About India
Official name
Republic of India
Capital
New Delhi
Population
1,080,000,000 people
Rank among countries in population
2nd
Major cities
Kolkata (Calcutta), Delhi, Mumbai (Bombay)
Area
1,220,000 square miles3,170,000 square kilometers
Rank among countries in area
7th
Highest point
Kanchenjunga28,209 feet/8,598 meters
Currency
Indian rupee
CITIES AND VILLAGES
Kolkata (also spelled Calcutta) is India’s largest city. Mumbai (also called Bombay) is the country’s most populated urban area. They rank among the world’s largest cities, too. New Delhi is the capital of India.
More than 16 million people live in or near the port city of Mumbai. Mumbai is a center of trade and the center of India’s movie business. India makes about 800 movies a year, more than any other country in the world.
In spite of its large cities, India is primarily a country of villages. Most of India’s people make their living by farming. Many of them are extremely poor.
More and more people are moving from rural areas of India to cities. They hope to find better-paying jobs in the cities. India’s cities have become very crowded as a result.
A SUBCONTINENT
India is shaped like a triangle. It juts out from the bottom of Asia into the Indian Ocean. India is sometimes called a subcontinent. Is this because India is big? Not really. Six countries—including Russia, Canada, and the United States—are bigger.
India is a subcontinent because it is cut off from the rest of Asia. Mountains, jungles, and the Indian Ocean form barriers that make India a world apart—a subcontinent.
India’s neighbors Pakistan and Bangladesh also form part of the Indian subcontinent. These lands were once part of India.
A LAND OF CONTRASTS
The Indian subcontinent offers striking contrasts. The Himalayas, the world’s highest mountains, extend across northern India. Towns lie on the lower slopes, but few people live high in the mountains.
South of the mountains stretch broad plains. Two great rivers, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, flow through the plains. Tea grows on plantations to the east. The huge Thar Desert lies to the west.
A vast plateau lies south of the plains. Much of this region is rocky. The climate of the plateau is extremely hot. Every summer, winds called monsoons drop heavy rain on India.
JUNGLES AND WILDLIFE
The English language borrowed the word jungle from Hindi, the language spoken by most Indians. India’s jungles are home to many fascinating animals. Tigers, panthers, lions, cheetahs, snow leopards, monkeys, and elephants are all found in India. So is the poisonous cobra snake. India has many national parks and wildlife preserves where its animals can be seen.
TAJ MAHAL
The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, is considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. An emperor built it after the death of his young wife. She died in 1631. Her tomb is inside.
The Taj Mahal is covered in white marble and set in a garden with pools of water. The garden represents paradise. The building is decorated with beautiful carvings and colored stones. Its color appears to change throughout the day as the sun moves across the sky.
RELIGION IN INDIA
Hinduism and Buddhism, two of the world’s major religions, were born in India. So were the Jain and Sikh religions. Most of India’s people are Hindus. Muslims—followers of Islam—are second in number.
Hindus worship in the many beautiful temples they have built in India. They also worship at home. Hindus worship all life. They do not kill animals, and they do not eat meat.
Muslims also have built many beautiful buildings, including the Taj Mahal. Hindus and Muslims have not always gotten along. Muslim invaders brought Islam to India. For centuries, Muslims ruled a largely Hindu country.
A BRITISH COLONY
During the 1700s, Britain gained control of India. Many Indians began speaking English. British sports, such as cricket and badminton, became popular. But many British efforts to change Indian customs and traditions were far less popular.
MAHATMA GANDHI
Mohandas K. Gandhi was a Hindu who led India to independence from Britain. Gandhi’s followers called him Mahatma, which means “great soul.”
Gandhi taught people to work for independence without using violence. Thanks to his efforts, India gained its independence in 1947. Gandhi’s policy of nonviolence influenced many other people. In the United States, Martin Luther King, Jr., used Gandhi’s idea of nonviolent protests to gain civil rights for black Americans.
AFTER INDEPENDENCE
When India gained its independence, it split apart. The parts of India that were primarily Muslim became the country of Pakistan. Pakistan was made up of two parts, one to the east of India and the other to the west. In 1971, East Pakistan became a separate country called Bangladesh.
More than 1 billion people live in India, a country in southern Asia. Only China has more people. The people of India speak more than 100 different languages.
Facts About India
Official name
Republic of India
Capital
New Delhi
Population
1,080,000,000 people
Rank among countries in population
2nd
Major cities
Kolkata (Calcutta), Delhi, Mumbai (Bombay)
Area
1,220,000 square miles3,170,000 square kilometers
Rank among countries in area
7th
Highest point
Kanchenjunga28,209 feet/8,598 meters
Currency
Indian rupee
CITIES AND VILLAGES
Kolkata (also spelled Calcutta) is India’s largest city. Mumbai (also called Bombay) is the country’s most populated urban area. They rank among the world’s largest cities, too. New Delhi is the capital of India.
More than 16 million people live in or near the port city of Mumbai. Mumbai is a center of trade and the center of India’s movie business. India makes about 800 movies a year, more than any other country in the world.
In spite of its large cities, India is primarily a country of villages. Most of India’s people make their living by farming. Many of them are extremely poor.
More and more people are moving from rural areas of India to cities. They hope to find better-paying jobs in the cities. India’s cities have become very crowded as a result.
A SUBCONTINENT
India is shaped like a triangle. It juts out from the bottom of Asia into the Indian Ocean. India is sometimes called a subcontinent. Is this because India is big? Not really. Six countries—including Russia, Canada, and the United States—are bigger.
India is a subcontinent because it is cut off from the rest of Asia. Mountains, jungles, and the Indian Ocean form barriers that make India a world apart—a subcontinent.
India’s neighbors Pakistan and Bangladesh also form part of the Indian subcontinent. These lands were once part of India.
A LAND OF CONTRASTS
The Indian subcontinent offers striking contrasts. The Himalayas, the world’s highest mountains, extend across northern India. Towns lie on the lower slopes, but few people live high in the mountains.
South of the mountains stretch broad plains. Two great rivers, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, flow through the plains. Tea grows on plantations to the east. The huge Thar Desert lies to the west.
A vast plateau lies south of the plains. Much of this region is rocky. The climate of the plateau is extremely hot. Every summer, winds called monsoons drop heavy rain on India.
JUNGLES AND WILDLIFE
The English language borrowed the word jungle from Hindi, the language spoken by most Indians. India’s jungles are home to many fascinating animals. Tigers, panthers, lions, cheetahs, snow leopards, monkeys, and elephants are all found in India. So is the poisonous cobra snake. India has many national parks and wildlife preserves where its animals can be seen.
TAJ MAHAL
The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, is considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. An emperor built it after the death of his young wife. She died in 1631. Her tomb is inside.
The Taj Mahal is covered in white marble and set in a garden with pools of water. The garden represents paradise. The building is decorated with beautiful carvings and colored stones. Its color appears to change throughout the day as the sun moves across the sky.
RELIGION IN INDIA
Hinduism and Buddhism, two of the world’s major religions, were born in India. So were the Jain and Sikh religions. Most of India’s people are Hindus. Muslims—followers of Islam—are second in number.
Hindus worship in the many beautiful temples they have built in India. They also worship at home. Hindus worship all life. They do not kill animals, and they do not eat meat.
Muslims also have built many beautiful buildings, including the Taj Mahal. Hindus and Muslims have not always gotten along. Muslim invaders brought Islam to India. For centuries, Muslims ruled a largely Hindu country.
A BRITISH COLONY
During the 1700s, Britain gained control of India. Many Indians began speaking English. British sports, such as cricket and badminton, became popular. But many British efforts to change Indian customs and traditions were far less popular.
MAHATMA GANDHI
Mohandas K. Gandhi was a Hindu who led India to independence from Britain. Gandhi’s followers called him Mahatma, which means “great soul.”
Gandhi taught people to work for independence without using violence. Thanks to his efforts, India gained its independence in 1947. Gandhi’s policy of nonviolence influenced many other people. In the United States, Martin Luther King, Jr., used Gandhi’s idea of nonviolent protests to gain civil rights for black Americans.
AFTER INDEPENDENCE
When India gained its independence, it split apart. The parts of India that were primarily Muslim became the country of Pakistan. Pakistan was made up of two parts, one to the east of India and the other to the west. In 1971, East Pakistan became a separate country called Bangladesh.
Saturday, September 8, 2007
family
Family
I
INTRODUCTION
Family, basic social group united through bonds of kinship or marriage, present in all societies. Ideally, the family provides its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization. The structure of the family, and the needs that the family fulfills vary from society to society. The nuclear family—two adults and their children—is the main unit in some societies. In others, it is a subordinate part of an extended family, which also consists of grandparents and other relatives. A third family unit is the single-parent family, in which children live with an unmarried, divorced, or widowed mother or father. See Parent and Child.
II
HISTORY
Anthropologists and social scientists have developed several theories about how family structures and functions evolved. In prehistoric hunting and gathering societies, two or three nuclear families, usually linked through bonds of kinship, banded together for part of the year but dispersed into separate nuclear units in those seasons when food was scarce. The family was an economic unit; men hunted, while women gathered and prepared food and tended children. Infanticide and expulsion of the infirm who could not work were common. Some anthropologists contend that prehistoric people were monogamous, because monogamy prevails in nonindustrial, tribal forms of contemporary society.
Social scientists believe that the modern Western family developed largely from that of the ancient Hebrews, whose families were patriarchal in structure (see Patrilineage). The family resulting from the Greco-Roman culture was also patriarchal and bound by strict religious precepts. In later centuries, as the Greek and then the Roman civilizations declined, so did their well-ordered family life.
With the advent of Christianity, marriage and childbearing became central concerns in religious teaching. The purely religious nature of family ties was partly abandoned in favor of civil bonds after the Reformation, which began in the 1500s. Most Western nations now recognize the family relationship as primarily a civil matter.
III
THE MODERN FAMILY
Historical studies have shown that family structure has been less changed by urbanization and industrialization than was once supposed. The nuclear family was the most prevalent preindustrial unit and is still the basic unit of social organization. The modern family differs from earlier traditional forms, however, in its functions, composition, and life cycle and in the roles of husbands and wives.
The only function of the family that continues to survive all change is the provision of affection and emotional support by and to all its members, particularly infants and young children. Specialized institutions now perform many of the other functions that were once performed by the agrarian family: economic production, education, religion, and recreation. Jobs are usually separate from the family group; family members often work in different occupations and in locations away from the home. Education is provided by the state or by private groups. Religious training and recreational activities are available outside the home, although both still have a place in family life. The family is still responsible for the socialization of children. Even in this capacity, however, the influence of peers and of the mass media has assumed a larger role.
Family composition in industrial societies has changed dramatically. The average number of children born to a woman in the United States, for example, fell from 7.0 in 1800 to 2.0 by the early 1990s. Consequently, the number of years separating the births of the youngest and oldest children has declined. This has occurred in conjunction with increased longevity. In earlier times, marriage normally dissolved through the death of a spouse before the youngest child left home. Today husbands and wives potentially have about as many years together after the children leave home as before.
Some of these developments are related to ongoing changes in women’s roles. Women in all stages of family life have joined the labor force. Rising expectations of personal gratification through marriage and family, together with eased legal grounds for divorce and increasing employment opportunities for women, have contributed to a rise in the divorce rate in the United States and elsewhere. In 1986, for instance, there was approximately one divorce for every two marriages in the United States (see Divorce).
During the 20th century, extended family households declined in prevalence. This change is associated particularly with increased residential mobility and with diminished financial responsibility of children for aging parents, as pensions from jobs and government-sponsored benefits for retired people became more common.
By the 1970s, the prototypical nuclear family had yielded somewhat to modified structures including the one-parent family, the stepfamily, and the childless family. One-parent families in the past were usually the result of the death of a spouse. Now, however, most one-parent families are the result of divorce, although some are created when unmarried mothers bear children. In 1991 more than one out of four children lived with only one parent, usually the mother. Most one-parent families, however, eventually became two-parent families through remarriage.
A stepfamily is created by a new marriage of a single parent. It may consist of a parent and children and a childless spouse, a parent and children and a spouse whose children live elsewhere, or two joined one-parent families. In a stepfamily, problems in relations between nonbiological parents and children may generate tension; the difficulties can be especially great in the marriage of single parents when the children of both parents live with them as siblings.
Childless families may be increasingly the result of deliberate choice and the availability of birth control. For many years the proportion of couples who were childless declined steadily as venereal and other diseases that cause infertility were conquered. In the 1970s, however, the changes in the status of women reversed this trend. Couples often elect to have no children or to postpone having them until their careers are well established.
Since the 1960s, several variations on the family unit have emerged. More unmarried couples are living together, before or instead of marrying. Some elderly couples, most often widowed, are finding it more economically practical to cohabit without marrying. Homosexual couples also live together as a family more openly today, sometimes sharing their households with the children of one partner or with adopted or foster children. Communal families, made up of groups of related or unrelated people, have long existed in isolated instances (see Communal Living). Such units began to occur in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative life-style, but by the 1980s the number of communal families was diminishing.
IV
WORLD TRENDS
All industrial nations are experiencing family trends similar to those found in the United States. The problem of unwed mothers—especially very young ones and those who are unable to support themselves—and their children is an international one, although improved methods of birth control and legalized abortion have slowed the trend somewhat. Divorce is increasing even where religious and legal impediments to it are strongest. Smaller families and a lengthened postparental stage are found in industrial societies.
Unchecked population growth in developing nations threatens the family system. The number of surviving children in a family has rapidly increased as infectious diseases, famine, and other causes of child mortality have been reduced. Because families often cannot support so many children, the reduction in infant mortality has posed a challenge to the nuclear family and to the resources of developing nations.
I
INTRODUCTION
Family, basic social group united through bonds of kinship or marriage, present in all societies. Ideally, the family provides its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization. The structure of the family, and the needs that the family fulfills vary from society to society. The nuclear family—two adults and their children—is the main unit in some societies. In others, it is a subordinate part of an extended family, which also consists of grandparents and other relatives. A third family unit is the single-parent family, in which children live with an unmarried, divorced, or widowed mother or father. See Parent and Child.
II
HISTORY
Anthropologists and social scientists have developed several theories about how family structures and functions evolved. In prehistoric hunting and gathering societies, two or three nuclear families, usually linked through bonds of kinship, banded together for part of the year but dispersed into separate nuclear units in those seasons when food was scarce. The family was an economic unit; men hunted, while women gathered and prepared food and tended children. Infanticide and expulsion of the infirm who could not work were common. Some anthropologists contend that prehistoric people were monogamous, because monogamy prevails in nonindustrial, tribal forms of contemporary society.
Social scientists believe that the modern Western family developed largely from that of the ancient Hebrews, whose families were patriarchal in structure (see Patrilineage). The family resulting from the Greco-Roman culture was also patriarchal and bound by strict religious precepts. In later centuries, as the Greek and then the Roman civilizations declined, so did their well-ordered family life.
With the advent of Christianity, marriage and childbearing became central concerns in religious teaching. The purely religious nature of family ties was partly abandoned in favor of civil bonds after the Reformation, which began in the 1500s. Most Western nations now recognize the family relationship as primarily a civil matter.
III
THE MODERN FAMILY
Historical studies have shown that family structure has been less changed by urbanization and industrialization than was once supposed. The nuclear family was the most prevalent preindustrial unit and is still the basic unit of social organization. The modern family differs from earlier traditional forms, however, in its functions, composition, and life cycle and in the roles of husbands and wives.
The only function of the family that continues to survive all change is the provision of affection and emotional support by and to all its members, particularly infants and young children. Specialized institutions now perform many of the other functions that were once performed by the agrarian family: economic production, education, religion, and recreation. Jobs are usually separate from the family group; family members often work in different occupations and in locations away from the home. Education is provided by the state or by private groups. Religious training and recreational activities are available outside the home, although both still have a place in family life. The family is still responsible for the socialization of children. Even in this capacity, however, the influence of peers and of the mass media has assumed a larger role.
Family composition in industrial societies has changed dramatically. The average number of children born to a woman in the United States, for example, fell from 7.0 in 1800 to 2.0 by the early 1990s. Consequently, the number of years separating the births of the youngest and oldest children has declined. This has occurred in conjunction with increased longevity. In earlier times, marriage normally dissolved through the death of a spouse before the youngest child left home. Today husbands and wives potentially have about as many years together after the children leave home as before.
Some of these developments are related to ongoing changes in women’s roles. Women in all stages of family life have joined the labor force. Rising expectations of personal gratification through marriage and family, together with eased legal grounds for divorce and increasing employment opportunities for women, have contributed to a rise in the divorce rate in the United States and elsewhere. In 1986, for instance, there was approximately one divorce for every two marriages in the United States (see Divorce).
During the 20th century, extended family households declined in prevalence. This change is associated particularly with increased residential mobility and with diminished financial responsibility of children for aging parents, as pensions from jobs and government-sponsored benefits for retired people became more common.
By the 1970s, the prototypical nuclear family had yielded somewhat to modified structures including the one-parent family, the stepfamily, and the childless family. One-parent families in the past were usually the result of the death of a spouse. Now, however, most one-parent families are the result of divorce, although some are created when unmarried mothers bear children. In 1991 more than one out of four children lived with only one parent, usually the mother. Most one-parent families, however, eventually became two-parent families through remarriage.
A stepfamily is created by a new marriage of a single parent. It may consist of a parent and children and a childless spouse, a parent and children and a spouse whose children live elsewhere, or two joined one-parent families. In a stepfamily, problems in relations between nonbiological parents and children may generate tension; the difficulties can be especially great in the marriage of single parents when the children of both parents live with them as siblings.
Childless families may be increasingly the result of deliberate choice and the availability of birth control. For many years the proportion of couples who were childless declined steadily as venereal and other diseases that cause infertility were conquered. In the 1970s, however, the changes in the status of women reversed this trend. Couples often elect to have no children or to postpone having them until their careers are well established.
Since the 1960s, several variations on the family unit have emerged. More unmarried couples are living together, before or instead of marrying. Some elderly couples, most often widowed, are finding it more economically practical to cohabit without marrying. Homosexual couples also live together as a family more openly today, sometimes sharing their households with the children of one partner or with adopted or foster children. Communal families, made up of groups of related or unrelated people, have long existed in isolated instances (see Communal Living). Such units began to occur in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative life-style, but by the 1980s the number of communal families was diminishing.
IV
WORLD TRENDS
All industrial nations are experiencing family trends similar to those found in the United States. The problem of unwed mothers—especially very young ones and those who are unable to support themselves—and their children is an international one, although improved methods of birth control and legalized abortion have slowed the trend somewhat. Divorce is increasing even where religious and legal impediments to it are strongest. Smaller families and a lengthened postparental stage are found in industrial societies.
Unchecked population growth in developing nations threatens the family system. The number of surviving children in a family has rapidly increased as infectious diseases, famine, and other causes of child mortality have been reduced. Because families often cannot support so many children, the reduction in infant mortality has posed a challenge to the nuclear family and to the resources of developing nations.
Thursday, August 9, 2007
exp
Captain James Cook was one of the world’s greatest explorers. He sailed around the world twice. He was the first European to reach Hawaii and New Zealand, and he sailed farther south than any European had ever gone.
People marvelled over the places, people, and things Cook described. Before Cook, nobody in Europe knew about penguins or kangaroos!
EARLY LIFE
Cook was born in 1728 on a farm in northern England. At the age of 18, he went to work for a shipping company. In 1755, Cook joined the British Royal Navy. His ship was sent to Canada, to make maps of land that Britain had conquered from France.
FIRST VOYAGE TO THE PACIFIC
In 1768, Cook sailed to the South Pacific Ocean, with artists and scientists. Officially, their task was to observe the planet Venus. But Britain also hoped that Cook would find a mysterious “Southern Continent” that some sailors claimed to have seen. Cook wanted to take control of it for the British king.
Cook reached New Zealand in 1770. No other European had been there. He sailed around New Zealand and then explored eastern Australia.
A SCIENTIFIC EXPLORER
Cook drew many detailed maps and kept careful records of all he had seen on his voyage. He described native peoples of the South Pacific and their cultures. His artists sketched wildlife, and his scientists collected unusual plants and animals to take back.
Cook’s careful work caused a sensation when he arrived home in Britain in 1771. No other expedition had gathered so much information, so thoroughly and scientifically.
Cook also won fame for keeping his sailors healthy. He wondered if a lack of fresh fruits and vegetables caused scurvy, a fatal disease common among sailors on long voyages. He stocked his ship with sauerkraut (pickled cabbage) and forced his crew to eat it. During stops at port, he ordered his crew to eat fresh foods. As a result, few of his sailors became seriously ill.
SECOND VOYAGE TO THE PACIFIC
From 1772 to 1775, Cook made a second voyage to the South Pacific Ocean. This time, he sailed farther south than anyone before him. He saw penguins and icebergs. He sailed all the way around Antarctica. But he found no land where people might live.
FINAL VOYAGE
In 1776, Cook set off on a third voyage. This time, Cook wanted to look for the Northwest Passage. This was a possible sea route north of Canada linking Europe and Asia. Before sailing north, he explored several islands in the Pacific. He landed in Hawaii in 1778, becoming the first European to do so.
From Hawaii, Cook sailed to North America. He was the first European to set foot on Vancouver Island off the coast of British Columbia. Throughout 1778 he explored the northwest coast of North America, but he failed to find the Northwest Passage. In 1779, Cook returned to Hawaii, where he was killed in a quarrel with natives over a stolen boat.
People marvelled over the places, people, and things Cook described. Before Cook, nobody in Europe knew about penguins or kangaroos!
EARLY LIFE
Cook was born in 1728 on a farm in northern England. At the age of 18, he went to work for a shipping company. In 1755, Cook joined the British Royal Navy. His ship was sent to Canada, to make maps of land that Britain had conquered from France.
FIRST VOYAGE TO THE PACIFIC
In 1768, Cook sailed to the South Pacific Ocean, with artists and scientists. Officially, their task was to observe the planet Venus. But Britain also hoped that Cook would find a mysterious “Southern Continent” that some sailors claimed to have seen. Cook wanted to take control of it for the British king.
Cook reached New Zealand in 1770. No other European had been there. He sailed around New Zealand and then explored eastern Australia.
A SCIENTIFIC EXPLORER
Cook drew many detailed maps and kept careful records of all he had seen on his voyage. He described native peoples of the South Pacific and their cultures. His artists sketched wildlife, and his scientists collected unusual plants and animals to take back.
Cook’s careful work caused a sensation when he arrived home in Britain in 1771. No other expedition had gathered so much information, so thoroughly and scientifically.
Cook also won fame for keeping his sailors healthy. He wondered if a lack of fresh fruits and vegetables caused scurvy, a fatal disease common among sailors on long voyages. He stocked his ship with sauerkraut (pickled cabbage) and forced his crew to eat it. During stops at port, he ordered his crew to eat fresh foods. As a result, few of his sailors became seriously ill.
SECOND VOYAGE TO THE PACIFIC
From 1772 to 1775, Cook made a second voyage to the South Pacific Ocean. This time, he sailed farther south than anyone before him. He saw penguins and icebergs. He sailed all the way around Antarctica. But he found no land where people might live.
FINAL VOYAGE
In 1776, Cook set off on a third voyage. This time, Cook wanted to look for the Northwest Passage. This was a possible sea route north of Canada linking Europe and Asia. Before sailing north, he explored several islands in the Pacific. He landed in Hawaii in 1778, becoming the first European to do so.
From Hawaii, Cook sailed to North America. He was the first European to set foot on Vancouver Island off the coast of British Columbia. Throughout 1778 he explored the northwest coast of North America, but he failed to find the Northwest Passage. In 1779, Cook returned to Hawaii, where he was killed in a quarrel with natives over a stolen boat.
Sunday, August 5, 2007
Where would we be without writing? There’d be no books, magazines, or newspapers. There’d be no instructions for putting together a bike or a VCR. There’d be no birthday or anniversary cards. There’d be no signs on the road to tell us where to go.
WHAT IS WRITING?
Writing is a method of communication. It uses marks that we see and understand. The marks we use to write English are the letters of the alphabet. They stand for sounds.
At a very young age, we memorize the letters of our alphabet and their sounds. Once we have done that, we can combine the marks into words and sentences. Other people can understand them. We can understand what other people have written. We also can write down our thoughts just for ourselves.
HOW DID WRITING BEGIN?
People probably began with picture writing. They didn’t always have an alphabet. In picture writing, a sign stands for an object. For example, a circle might stand for the Sun.
But a picture-writing system is difficult. There are just too many things to represent with pictures. Picture writing requires thousands of signs. In addition, pictures can’t be strung together to sound the way people speak. It’s also hard to express things like opinions and ideas with pictures.
Over time, picture writing developed into a different system. The circle that stood for Sun began to stand for the sound or syllable sun or even son. It could be used to make other words, like sunshine.
This was a good system. There are a lot fewer sounds in a language than there are objects to be represented.
Egyptian hieroglyphs are a kind of picture writing. In time, the pictures came to stand for sounds. This also happened to Chinese and many other languages. Chinese characters started out as pictures and now stand for sounds.
Egyptian hieroglyphs are among the oldest forms of writing. The earliest Egyptian writing we know of dates from about 3200 bc. The Sumerians of Mesopotamia also were writing before 3000 bc.
BIRTH OF THE ALPHABET
After signs got linked to sounds, the next big step in writing was the development of an alphabet. With an alphabet, people no longer had to guess what a picture meant. Without an alphabet, how could they tell if a picture of a bee, for example, meant the insect bee, the verb to be, or the first syllable in another word like believe?
The alphabet developed in the Middle East. The first alphabet we know about was developed by the Phoenicians who lived in what is now Lebanon. Their alphabet had 22 letters.
The Phoenician alphabet did not have letters for vowels (a, e, i, o, u). The Greeks added those letters. Our word alphabet comes from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta.
THE ABCS
An alphabet is a clever set of letters or other symbols. Each letter represents a different sound of a language. These letters can be combined to write all the words of a language.
There are about 50 different alphabets used in the world today. They are different in the way they look and in the sounds their letters stand for. Most alphabets have between 20 and 30 letters. The English language uses the Roman alphabet. It has 26 letters.
Languages with fewer sounds require fewer letters. The sounds of the Hawaiian language, for example, are written using only 12 letters of the Roman alphabet. This alphabet has the fewest letters of any language. Other alphabets, such as Sinhalese, the alphabet of Sri Lanka, have 50 letters or more.
DO ALL LANGUAGES HAVE AN ALPHABET?
Only a few languages, such as Chinese and Japanese, do not use an alphabet.
Like other ancient languages, Chinese began as a pictographic language. Today’s written Chinese still uses thousands of symbols, or characters. To read a newspaper in Chinese, you would need to know from 3,000 to 4,000 characters!
WHAT IS WRITING?
Writing is a method of communication. It uses marks that we see and understand. The marks we use to write English are the letters of the alphabet. They stand for sounds.
At a very young age, we memorize the letters of our alphabet and their sounds. Once we have done that, we can combine the marks into words and sentences. Other people can understand them. We can understand what other people have written. We also can write down our thoughts just for ourselves.
HOW DID WRITING BEGIN?
People probably began with picture writing. They didn’t always have an alphabet. In picture writing, a sign stands for an object. For example, a circle might stand for the Sun.
But a picture-writing system is difficult. There are just too many things to represent with pictures. Picture writing requires thousands of signs. In addition, pictures can’t be strung together to sound the way people speak. It’s also hard to express things like opinions and ideas with pictures.
Over time, picture writing developed into a different system. The circle that stood for Sun began to stand for the sound or syllable sun or even son. It could be used to make other words, like sunshine.
This was a good system. There are a lot fewer sounds in a language than there are objects to be represented.
Egyptian hieroglyphs are a kind of picture writing. In time, the pictures came to stand for sounds. This also happened to Chinese and many other languages. Chinese characters started out as pictures and now stand for sounds.
Egyptian hieroglyphs are among the oldest forms of writing. The earliest Egyptian writing we know of dates from about 3200 bc. The Sumerians of Mesopotamia also were writing before 3000 bc.
BIRTH OF THE ALPHABET
After signs got linked to sounds, the next big step in writing was the development of an alphabet. With an alphabet, people no longer had to guess what a picture meant. Without an alphabet, how could they tell if a picture of a bee, for example, meant the insect bee, the verb to be, or the first syllable in another word like believe?
The alphabet developed in the Middle East. The first alphabet we know about was developed by the Phoenicians who lived in what is now Lebanon. Their alphabet had 22 letters.
The Phoenician alphabet did not have letters for vowels (a, e, i, o, u). The Greeks added those letters. Our word alphabet comes from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta.
THE ABCS
An alphabet is a clever set of letters or other symbols. Each letter represents a different sound of a language. These letters can be combined to write all the words of a language.
There are about 50 different alphabets used in the world today. They are different in the way they look and in the sounds their letters stand for. Most alphabets have between 20 and 30 letters. The English language uses the Roman alphabet. It has 26 letters.
Languages with fewer sounds require fewer letters. The sounds of the Hawaiian language, for example, are written using only 12 letters of the Roman alphabet. This alphabet has the fewest letters of any language. Other alphabets, such as Sinhalese, the alphabet of Sri Lanka, have 50 letters or more.
DO ALL LANGUAGES HAVE AN ALPHABET?
Only a few languages, such as Chinese and Japanese, do not use an alphabet.
Like other ancient languages, Chinese began as a pictographic language. Today’s written Chinese still uses thousands of symbols, or characters. To read a newspaper in Chinese, you would need to know from 3,000 to 4,000 characters!
Saturday, July 14, 2007
whats up
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Aquarius
by Astrology.com
Hold off on making a decision until you hear the other side of the story. Yes, you want to make a decision, but in the end you want to make the right one. A hasty move now could just cause more trouble than it resolves.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Pisces
by Astrology.com
Although someone says he or she's got nothing but love for you, talk can be awfully cheap. A friend or lover's actions speak far louder than their words, no matter how pretty they may initially appear. Pay attention.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Aries
by Astrology.com
Your affinity with this idea grows stronger and stronger, thanks to all the work you've been putting in on it. Now, however, you need a creative solution to take you to the next level. Take a step back and you'll see it.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Taurus
by Astrology.com
If people around you are losing their heads (and what remains of their common sense), it's generally a good idea to do whatever it takes to keep yours. If that means retreating for a little while, then so be it.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Cancer
by Astrology.com
An awe-inspiring event makes you realize how little you understand your own potential. It's fascinating -- and a little scary, too. Now that you have an inkling of what you can do, it's time to find out more.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Gemini
by Astrology.com
Discretion is definitely the better part of valor, but the world needs your presence. Get your lightning wit, dazzling smile and sparkling energy out on the scene. You'll feel better, and so will the people around you.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Leo
by Astrology.com
When you think about it, this is just what you needed -- so why are you fighting it so much? Well, sometimes it can be scary to get what you always dreamed of. But you deserve it, so go ahead and dive right in.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Virgo
by Astrology.com
A little fun might just turn your day around. Instead of taking a coffee break, pretend you're a kid again and get a juice box or a popsicle; instead of going to the gym, break out the jump rope or the hula hoop. Whee!
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Libra
by Astrology.com
Your life continues to improve by leaps and bounds -- and it's all thanks to your recent commitment to learning new and better ways to communicate. It's a lot of work, but the results make the effort worthwhile.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Capricorn
by Astrology.com
Small efforts make all the difference in getting your life on more stable footing. A minor compromise can create a world of change -- really. Try to take charge of loose ends right now.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Scorpio
by Astrology.com
You see the possibilities where someone else only sees a dead end. Now, you don't need to share this information right away. Frankly, you might be better off playing your cards close to your chest, at least for now.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Sagittarius
by Astrology.com
You're a force to be reckoned with, but you don't even recognize it. Your naivete is sweet, but it can also be seen as willfully ingenuous. Knowing your full worth doesn't mean you're conceited -- far from it.
Previous Day | Next Day
Aquarius
by Astrology.com
Hold off on making a decision until you hear the other side of the story. Yes, you want to make a decision, but in the end you want to make the right one. A hasty move now could just cause more trouble than it resolves.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Pisces
by Astrology.com
Although someone says he or she's got nothing but love for you, talk can be awfully cheap. A friend or lover's actions speak far louder than their words, no matter how pretty they may initially appear. Pay attention.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Aries
by Astrology.com
Your affinity with this idea grows stronger and stronger, thanks to all the work you've been putting in on it. Now, however, you need a creative solution to take you to the next level. Take a step back and you'll see it.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Taurus
by Astrology.com
If people around you are losing their heads (and what remains of their common sense), it's generally a good idea to do whatever it takes to keep yours. If that means retreating for a little while, then so be it.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Cancer
by Astrology.com
An awe-inspiring event makes you realize how little you understand your own potential. It's fascinating -- and a little scary, too. Now that you have an inkling of what you can do, it's time to find out more.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Gemini
by Astrology.com
Discretion is definitely the better part of valor, but the world needs your presence. Get your lightning wit, dazzling smile and sparkling energy out on the scene. You'll feel better, and so will the people around you.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Leo
by Astrology.com
When you think about it, this is just what you needed -- so why are you fighting it so much? Well, sometimes it can be scary to get what you always dreamed of. But you deserve it, so go ahead and dive right in.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Virgo
by Astrology.com
A little fun might just turn your day around. Instead of taking a coffee break, pretend you're a kid again and get a juice box or a popsicle; instead of going to the gym, break out the jump rope or the hula hoop. Whee!
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Libra
by Astrology.com
Your life continues to improve by leaps and bounds -- and it's all thanks to your recent commitment to learning new and better ways to communicate. It's a lot of work, but the results make the effort worthwhile.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Capricorn
by Astrology.com
Small efforts make all the difference in getting your life on more stable footing. A minor compromise can create a world of change -- really. Try to take charge of loose ends right now.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Scorpio
by Astrology.com
You see the possibilities where someone else only sees a dead end. Now, you don't need to share this information right away. Frankly, you might be better off playing your cards close to your chest, at least for now.
Previous Day | Next Day
Daily HoroscopeBrought to you by Yahoo! Alerts
Sagittarius
by Astrology.com
You're a force to be reckoned with, but you don't even recognize it. Your naivete is sweet, but it can also be seen as willfully ingenuous. Knowing your full worth doesn't mean you're conceited -- far from it.
Previous Day | Next Day
Friday, July 6, 2007
all freinds
if (false && isUserInPopulation()) { var _hbEC=0,_hbE=new Array;function _hbEvent(a,b){b=_hbE[_hbEC++]=new Object();b._N=a;b._C=0;return b;} var hbx=_hbEvent("pv");hbx.vpc="HBX0200u";hbx.gn="a.hi5.com"; //HBX function for ensuring valid names function _hbxStrip(a) { a = a.split("").join(""); a = a.split("&").join(""); a = a.split("'").join(""); a = a.split("#").join(""); a = a.split("$").join(""); a = a.split("%").join(""); a = a.split("^").join(""); a = a.split("*").join(""); a = a.split(":").join(""); a = a.split("!").join(""); a = a.split("").join(""); a = a.split("~").join(""); a = a.split(";").join(""); a = a.split(" ").join("+"); return a; } var url = 'http://www.hi5.com/friend/importer/processImportContacts.do'; if(((url.indexOf("displayLoggedinHome.do") != -1) (url.indexOf("displayHomePage.do") != -1) (url.indexOf("displayMyProfile.do") != -1)) && (readCookie("hi5loggedIn") != null)) { hbx.pn='Member-Home';//page name(s) hbx.mlc='My_hi5/Home';//multi-level content category } else if(((url.indexOf("displayHomePage.do") != -1) (url.indexOf("displayMyProfile.do") != -1)) && (readCookie("hi5loggedIn") == null)) { hbx.pn='Home';//page name(s) hbx.mlc='hi5/home';//multi-level content category } else { hbx.pn='null';//page name(s) hbx.mlc='null';//multi-level content category } //configuration variables hbx.acct='DM560406K4EA62EN3';//account number(s) hbx.pn=_hbxStrip(hbx.pn); hbx.mlc=_hbxStrip(hbx.mlc); //segments and funnels hbx.seg=getViewerSegment();//visitor segmentation //action settings hbx.lt="auto";//link tracking //custom variables var viewerId = getViewerId(); if ( viewerId != null && viewerId > 0) { hbx.ci= viewerId;//customer id } var loginInfo = getLoginMetrics(); if(loginInfo != null ) { hbx.hc1 = loginInfo; } document.write('\'); }
var tzo=(new Date().getTimezoneOffset()/60)*(-1); var date = new Date(); date.setTime(date.getTime()+(1000*24*60*60*1000)); var expires = "; expires="+date.toGMTString(); document.cookie = "tzoffset"+"="+tzo+expires+"; path=/";
if (appendCookie("hi5history", document.URL) == 1) { hitServer("/friend/processMemberAnalytics.do"); }
165 out of 1000 of your friends are already on hi5. Select the friends that you want and click on the button below. Invitations to join hi5 will be sent to the friends that you select.
Friends on hi5
Agnes oseiagnes_osei4luv@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Ana debouisana1yourhouse@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Angelstashiaangelstashia@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Ba'nhnguyendinh1028@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Ella staremstarem57@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Hayatali shahhayatashah@yahoo.co.uk
Already a Friend
Lorena olizanicky3970@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Mona hmona3love3@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Rajesh kumar duggalrajeshduggalvaastu@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Romantic_costaromantic_costa@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Rqureshi_14rqureshi_14@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Shianashiana_55@yahoo.de
Already a Friend
Tammy mjonalicia@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Umair shahumairshh@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
Umairshh@yahoo.comumairshh@yahoo.com
Already a Friend
A_butterfly_chick2003a_butterfly_chick2003@yahoo.com
Already a Member
A_campbell05 campbella_campbell05@yahoo.com
Already a Member
A_steadhama_steadham@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Aaaa@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Aashucmaashucm@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Abdur_rehman_afridiabdur_rehman_afridi@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Abha guptaabha191980@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Adda338adda338@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Agnessobha2001agnessobha2001@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Agni24inagni24in@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Al_ashfaqal_ashfaq@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Allan bigscotscot0001@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Amber harrisamberharris20022000@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Amiga199979amiga199979@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Angel06_26angel06_26@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Anh laanhlc@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Anil49usanil49us@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Animal_luver_88_06animal_luver_88_06@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Animal_luver_88_06@yahoo.comanimal_luver_88_06@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Animeshanijay_007@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Anju mehraanju_mehra_1979@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Anno_imananno_iman@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Annoisaannoisa@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Ashley hodgeash_2005_hodge@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Askar169askar169@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Atiqrehmanafridi khansredeyes1_a4@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Avatar rodriguezavatar_rodriguez@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Babe_babeousbabe_babeous@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Best_parachabest_paracha@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Bi_robyn_ebi_robyn_e@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Bianhi79bianhi79@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Bilal manjbilal_manj@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Bithaipuying kanjabithaipuying@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Blessed14youblessed14you@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Blugrl302blugrl302@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Bmxngirlbmxngirl@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Bre4grlsbre4grls@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Briana_james2005briana_james2005@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Catherine penderamericanbeauty1833@yahoo.com
Already a Member
China doll girlpilard@telus.net
Already a Member
Ck leongckay888@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Claudiawaits4uclaudiawaits4u@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Crazy dazycrazydazy1023@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Daliza_bccdaliza_bcc@yahoo.com
Already a Member
David h strangluk :(spankyblu@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Desi cpl john n julidesicplm30f25@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Dhru_jariwaladhru_jariwala@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Dun_webbdun_webb@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Elizannie baxterelizannie2000@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Erika_dante_cderika_dante_cd@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Evgueni antonoffevgo_a@yahoo.com
Already a Member
F-r-i-e-n-d-z moderatorf-r-i-e-n-d-z-owner@yahoogroups.com
Already a Member
F_deviyantif_deviyanti@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Falak_danishfalak_danish@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Faree259faree259@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Farida_83farida_83@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Fawad rauffawadrauf1@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Fun354ufun354u@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Funlovin lelfunlovinlel@hotmail.co.uk
Already a Member
George shukrigeorgeshukri@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Gina rochewhenceslittlebutterfly@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Hamza_balouchhamza_balouch@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Hayatashah@yahoo.comhayatashah@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Hi5info@hi5.com
Already a Member
Hot_kelly_sexyhot_kelly_sexy@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Imkellybimkellyb@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Ioana_brusturioana_brustur@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Iqbalawan7@hotmail.comiqbalawan7@hotmail.com
Already a Member
Irristantirristant@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Jamiestevensstevensjamiejamiestevensstevensjamie@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Jason leighjason_leigh19@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Javy pedsjavypeds@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Jessicajbartender1208@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Joan cacherojoanecachero@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Joanecacherojoanecachero@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Joanie_kestelootjoanie_kesteloot@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Johnminole99@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Jon wilsonleg_heels@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Jucey_julie_ukjucey_julie_uk@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Judy s.judyblueeyes30553@yahoo.com
Already a Member
K_h_m_peshk_h_m_pesh@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Kamrank bangashkamrankbangash@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Kim stricklinkim_stricklin2004@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Larry corlisswarry515@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Leahlollipop81377@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Leather **only_leather_n_lace@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Lovewithmeyoulovewithmeyou@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Mady sallycozylooks@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Mailer-daemonmailer-daemon@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Malikrahid2004malikrahid2004@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Maltiesgalemaltiesgale@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Mandysmandys@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Mike mohrmannmichaelmohrmann@bellsouth.net
Already a Member
Mikkib08mikkib08@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Minh khuealright_lee87@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Mini_mewminamini_mewmina@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Mocha brownmochabrownofal@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Mohamed_wiem mkaouermkaouer@yahoo.fr
Already a Member
Monica_dumitru2001monica_dumitru2001@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Nadira abdullahira_srk@hotmail.com
Already a Member
Napoleon h ahph_80@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Nazia adibarocker.kitty@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Nguyen chinguyennc83@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Noe casolconoecasolco@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Palu tamangpalutamang@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Parachinari2000parachinari2000@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Pasangpalutamang@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Patricia inyourdreamspattycake021256@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Penny millercrazyida658@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Postmaster@hotmail.compostmaster@hotmail.com
Already a Member
Realnewsnet2003realnewsnet2003@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Rida janrida_jan2000@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Rita rakashritarakash2004@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Sa_rose2004sa_rose2004@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Saba8500saba8500@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Salma_karim2005salma_karim2005@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Samantha fletcherbabygirl_0242002@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Samantha17099samantha17099@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Sanjna_oberoisanjna_oberoi@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Saqib shahuneekme001@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Sara nicolesmunchinnympho1@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Saurabh paharistillalive48@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Seattlewa_007seattlewa_007@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Sexysassywitty jwildandcrzywife@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Shahdot1shahdot1@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Sherry_hodges35sherry_hodges35@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Sindraysindray@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Single ladysinglelady_1955@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Sorceress_1975sorceress_1975@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Starrz_on_the_waterstarrz_on_the_water@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Tanveer khanmoonbabapk@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Tara_jltara_jl@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Teala maasreel_cuty@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Thanh ha phanlittlegreentortoise@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Tia nguyendolly_gurl1510@yahoo.co.uk
Already a Member
Tina elaine rustetinaelaineruste@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Umair ahmedumair_ahmed123@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Umair ali shahshahumairali@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Umrabilalumrabilal@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Unityunitys_serenity@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Unityunitys_serenity@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Unityunitys_serenity@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Unknown mohammadaghasyed_3@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Usama mahmudiusamamahmudi1@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Wildheartntnwildheartntn@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Xyeon2xyeon2@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Za_nazia_iqbalza_nazia_iqbal@yahoo.com
Already a Member
Zqrpk05_05zqrpk05_05@yahoo.com
Already a Member
~~simply gorgeous~~simply_gorgeous32@yahoo.com
Already a Member
alma d0wn_fr0m_d_rainb0w@yahoo.com
Already a Member
*theshryocks*theshryocks@grics.net
--------------------------------@yahoo.com
-------huckk-------@rogers.com.1096955178-------huckk-------@rogers.com.1096955178@yahoo.com
---.-.-.-.l-.4-.m-.u-.-.-.-.---@rogers.com.1131500762---.-.-.-.l-.4-.m-.u-.-.-.-.---@rogers.com.1131500762@yahoo.com
--d-o-n-c-e-ll-a--e.g.i.p.c.i.a-@rogers.com.1129111842--d-o-n-c-e-ll-a--e.g.i.p.c.i.a-@rogers.com.1129111842@yahoo.com
-.----p.r.e.c.i.o.s.a----.-@rogers.com.1101566110-.----p.r.e.c.i.o.s.a----.-@rogers.com.1101566110@yahoo.com
-._._.-cigana-._._.-@rogers.com.1119743244-._._.-cigana-._._.-@rogers.com.1119743244@yahoo.com
-chick--chick-@yahoo.com
-devils_martini-@rogers.com-devils_martini-@rogers.com@yahoo.com
-dreamz--dreamz-@yahoo.com
-nightingale--nightingale-@yahoo.com
-oreo-@rogers.com-oreo-@rogers.com@yahoo.com
...s.t.e.v.e.n..c.a.r.v.e.r......s.t.e.v.e.n..c.a.r.v.e.r...@yahoo.com
0-..afrodita..-0@sbcglobal.net.11447666820-..afrodita..-0@sbcglobal.net.1144766682@yahoo.com
0-r-o-q-u-e-p@ameritech.net.11306576430-r-o-q-u-e-p@ameritech.net.1130657643@yahoo.com
00000000000000020000000000000002@yahoo.com
0000042700000427@yahoo.com
0000sunny0000sunny@yahoo.com
00010370001037@yahoo.com
0002430300024303@yahoo.com
000936000936@yahoo.com
000chen000chen@yahoo.com
000monkey000monkey@yahoo.com
001666001666@yahoo.com
0064112500641125@yahoo.com
007a-lan007a-lan@yahoo.com
009203005849047@mobilinkgsm.com009203005849047@mobilinkgsm.com
00923005959164@mobilikgsm.com00923005959164@mobilikgsm.com
00923018822412@mobilinkgsm.com00923018822412@mobilinkgsm.com
00jennifer00jennifer@yahoo.com
00katy00katy@yahoo.com
00sweet00@sbcglobal.net00sweet00@sbcglobal.net@yahoo.com
011530011530@yahoo.com
0121401214@yahoo.com
0122112701221127@yahoo.com
0122201222@yahoo.com
0123-456-7890123-456-789@yahoo.com
012389012389@yahoo.com
0123sana0123sana@yahoo.com
0123vicky0123vicky@yahoo.com
01312210131221@yahoo.com
013285-2013285-2@yahoo.com
013343013343@yahoo.com
013935013935@yahoo.com
0189701897@yahoo.com
01angel@sbcglobal.net01angel@sbcglobal.net@yahoo.com
01kitty01kitty@yahoo.com
01majortom@prodigy.net01majortom@prodigy.net@yahoo.com
01mandy01@sbcglobal.net01mandy01@sbcglobal.net@yahoo.com
02.cgi02.cgi@yahoo.com
0200002000@yahoo.com
0200130241 aa0200130241@yahoo.com
020711600721020711600721@yahoo.com
0208vivi0208vivi@yahoo.com
021138021138@yahoo.com
0214cherry0214cherry@yahoo.com
071203071203@yahoo.com
080583heather@sbcglobal.net080583heather@sbcglobal.net@yahoo.com
09476189600947618960@yahoo.com
1122ady1122ady@yahoo.com
113-05113-05@yahoo.com
123321.123321.@yahoo.com
1ladydi5150@sbcglobal.net1ladydi5150@sbcglobal.net@yahoo.com
1smartcooke@sbcglobal.net1smartcooke@sbcglobal.net@yahoo.com
2browneyz2browneyz@yahoo.com
69gemini@sbcglobal.net69gemini@sbcglobal.net@yahoo.com
A a0127520443@yahoo.com
A.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1b@btinternet.coma.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1b@btinternet.com@yahoo.com
A.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1f@btinternet.coma.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1f@btinternet.com@yahoo.com
A00000000000000000000000000000d7a00000000000000000000000000000d7@yahoo.com
A0000000000000000000000000000_05a0000000000000000000000000000_05@yahoo.com
A0000000000000000000000000000_cka0000000000000000000000000000_ck@yahoo.com
A0000000000000000000000000000_nia0000000000000000000000000000_ni@yahoo.com
A0000000000000000000000000000bh0a0000000000000000000000000000bh0@yahoo.com
A0000000000000000000000000000bh7a0000000000000000000000000000bh7@yahoo.com
A0000000000000000000000000000bota0000000000000000000000000000bot@yahoo.com
A0000000000000000000000000000izia0000000000000000000000000000izi@yahoo.com
A0000000000000000000000000000lona0000000000000000000000000000lon@yahoo.com
A00000000000000000000000002girla00000000000000000000000002girl@yahoo.com
A000000_sex_womana000000_sex_woman@yahoo.com
A00005aa00005a@yahoo.com
A00005da00005d@yahoo.com
A000smallbreastedangel4656a000smallbreastedangel4656@yahoo.com
A00_cazablankaa00_cazablanka@yahoo.com
A00_emily_18indiaa00_emily_18india@yahoo.com
A00cherrysheritahuffmana00cherrysheritahuffman@yahoo.com
A00lorraineemogenemorrisona00lorraineemogenemorrison@yahoo.com
A0_asia_hottiea0_asia_hottie@yahoo.com
A0_hot_college_girl1a0_hot_college_girl1@yahoo.com
A0hot_tiffani_homealone69a0hot_tiffani_homealone69@yahoo.com
A124565445a124565445@yahoo.com
A172214a172214@yahoo.com
A174414a174414@yahoo.com
A1_4siewsa1_4siews@yahoo.com
A1_alwayswetgirl_00getmeoffa1_alwayswetgirl_00getmeoff@yahoo.com
A1_among_ladiesa1_among_ladies@yahoo.com
A1_catherinea1_catherine@yahoo.com
A1_naughtya1_naughty@yahoo.com
A1_totoa1_toto@yahoo.com
A1a2a3_vcgfcmxcdsma1a2a3_vcgfcmxcdsm@yahoo.com
A1a4s3s822a1a4s3s822@yahoo.com
A1archana_kasata1archana_kasat@yahoo.com
A1astrologya1astrology@yahoo.com
A1b1c1defgaugustaa1b1c1defgaugusta@yahoo.com
A1claa1cla@yahoo.com
A1clana1clan@yahoo.com
A1gal_pata1gal_pat@yahoo.com
A1gandua1gandu@yahoo.com
A1mumbai_cpla1mumbai_cpl@yahoo.com
A2000lna2000ln@yahoo.com
A200gela200gel@yahoo.com
A20breastygoddessa20breastygoddess@yahoo.com
A22_9a22_9@yahoo.com
A22cutea22cute@yahoo.com
A22spreadgirla22spreadgirl@yahoo.com
A39_lady_in_reda39_lady_in_red@yahoo.com
A_18_abigail_bada_18_abigail_bad@yahoo.com
A_18_ann_nastya_18_ann_nasty@yahoo.com
A_18_dcup_girliea_18_dcup_girlie@yahoo.com
A_18fhot_bad_girla_18fhot_bad_girl@yahoo.com
A_18girl_barelya_18girl_barely@yahoo.com
A_19_camgirla_19_camgirl@yahoo.com
A_896a_896@yahoo.com
A_abbingsona_abbingson@yahoo.com
A_churchmana_churchman@yahoo.com
A_f_f_i_rm_a_t_i_v_ea_f_f_i_rm_a_t_i_v_e@yahoo.com
A_girl_4_u_2_havea_girl_4_u_2_have@yahoo.com
A_girlgirlcouplea_girlgirlcouple@yahoo.com
A_girlgirlcouple69a_girlgirlcouple69@yahoo.com
A_hot_wild_horny_chick_im_weta_hot_wild_horny_chick_im_wet@yahoo.com
A_karia_kari@yahoo.com
A_kath216a_kath216@yahoo.com
A_lil_2_sassya_lil_2_sassy@yahoo.com
A_little_blue_fairya_little_blue_fairy@yahoo.com
A_sweetsumairaa_sweetsumaira@yahoo.com
Aa2237789@yahoo.com
Aa a010010010010010@yahoo.com
Aa1agelesslady9d_52aa1agelesslady9d_52@yahoo.com
Aa1bashful62ba_43aa1bashful62ba_43@yahoo.com
Aa1bellagrace3353_20aa1bellagrace3353_20@yahoo.com
Aa1bellocchia7b_46aa1bellocchia7b_46@yahoo.com
Aa1blueyeparmagirl54_30aa1blueyeparmagirl54_30@yahoo.com
Aa1la_budf_49aa1la_budf_49@yahoo.com
Aa1lailalailalailacc_31aa1lailalailalailacc_31@yahoo.com
Aa1levelnext00_38aa1levelnext00_38@yahoo.com
Aa1lilies66ae_25aa1lilies66ae_25@yahoo.com
Aa1loonely_amit4u3e_23aa1loonely_amit4u3e_23@yahoo.com
Aa1lovelysoni1f_25aa1lovelysoni1f_25@yahoo.com
Aa1lovesunud6_32aa1lovesunud6_32@yahoo.com
Aa1lucky77777028_35aa1lucky77777028_35@yahoo.com
Aa1luvfriendsf5_34aa1luvfriendsf5_34@yahoo.com
Aaa_vvebcamaaa_vvebcam@yahoo.com
Aaina_aineeaaina_ainee@yahoo.com
Aaisha_durraniaaisha_durrani@yahoo.com
Aalbertson666aalbertson666@yahoo.com
Aalia zuhaibaalia_zuhaib@yahoo.com
Aam_yaaam_ya@yahoo.com
Aamie7865aamie7865@yahoo.com
Aaminalovely21aaminalovely21@yahoo.com
Aanitha_g_nairaanitha_g_nair@yahoo.com
Aansa_haidar1986aansa_haidar1986@yahoo.com
Aaron_rulezzzaaron_rulezzz@yahoo.com
Aarthi_agarwal2005aarthi_agarwal2005@yahoo.com
Aarti_from_jammuaarti_from_jammu@yahoo.com
Aartijoshi1990aartijoshi1990@yahoo.com
Aashana_0987aashana_0987@yahoo.com
Aashiinnocentaashiinnocent@yahoo.com
Aasia komal abroaasiakomal@yahoo.com
Aatka_kanwal295aatka_kanwal295@yahoo.com
Abbadon deathss4life_2006@yahoo.com
Abbas khanbreshna_143@yahoo.com
Abdulrahmanuybrabdulrahmanuybr@yahoo.com
Abeda19abeda19@yahoo.com
Abha_hclabha_hcl@yahoo.com
Abid janabidjanee@yahoo.com
Abijaanaliiabijaanalii@yahoo.com
Abknudeindiaabknudeindia@yahoo.com
Aboutblankb5_27aboutblankb5_27@yahoo.com
Ace_n_roxanneace_n_roxanne@yahoo.com
Achalagunaachalaguna@yahoo.com
Achefell7651218c_35achefell7651218c_35@yahoo.com
Ada arnda00ada19@yahoo.com
Adarsh khemkaamisha_raaz@yahoo.com
Adeliamaria01adeliamaria01@yahoo.com
Adhil mohdahlia_2005@yahoo.com
Adhithanarundaviadhithanarundavi@yahoo.com
Adil hayattanya_kashmiri@yahoo.com
Aditi101050_24aditi101050_24@yahoo.com
Aditi_meghna86aditi_meghna86@yahoo.com
Aditi_srtaditi_srt@yahoo.com
Aditiiiiiiaditiiiiii@yahoo.com
Adnan khanlewanay_insan@yahoo.com
Adventuresxibabe69adventuresxibabe69@yahoo.com
Affectionategal03affectionategal03@yahoo.com
Afghani_beauty_4u2afghani_beauty_4u2@yahoo.com
Afrotrollmofoafrotrollmofo@yahoo.com
Afsana_20afsana_20@yahoo.com
Afshakamranafshakamran@yahoo.com
Agentzoe25agentzoe25@yahoo.com
Agnetaxcxjuxmagnetaxcxjuxm@yahoo.com
Ahhhsol59_21ahhhsol59_21@yahoo.com
Ahista322ahista322@yahoo.com
Ahmed_jutahmed_jut@yahoo.com
Ai143uai143u@yahoo.com
Aichagal234157e_33aichagal234157e_33@yahoo.com
Aina_jaleelaina_jaleel@yahoo.com
Ajay_76bajay_76b@yahoo.com
Akaksha_patelakaksha_patel@yahoo.com
Akbar aliakbar9591575@yahoo.com
Akroom .akroom_10@yahoo.com
Akshi1akshi1@yahoo.com
Akuti0909akuti0909@yahoo.com
Alecia_planteralecia_planter@yahoo.com
Aleenalishahaleenalishah@yahoo.com
Aleenalishah@yahoo.comaleenalishah@yahoo.com
Aleeza_527aleeza_527@yahoo.com
Aliaquirasaliaquiras@yahoo.com
Alisba_khan_lovely19alisba_khan_lovely19@yahoo.com
Alisba_khfriends-------huckk-------@rogers.com.1096955178alisba_khfriends-------huckk-------@rogers.com.1096955178@yahoo.com
Alisha_khanooalisha_khanoo@yahoo.com
Alishasahai2003alishasahai2003@yahoo.com
Alishayyub shahidalishaayyub9211@yahoo.com
Aliyarehman21aliyarehman21@yahoo.com
Aliza_kkaliza_kk@yahoo.com
Alizakhan01alizakhan01@yahoo.com
Allison schonkennaughtyally85@yahoo.com
Allison45_naked_4uallison45_naked_4u@yahoo.com
Altz-stammba@state.govaltz-stammba@state.gov
Altz-stammba@state.govaltz-stammba@state.gov@yahoo.com
Altz-stamnmba@state.govaltz-stamnmba@state.gov
Altz-starnmba@state.govaltz-starnmba@state.gov
Alyssa sugaralyssalovespussy@yahoo.com
Alyssa sugaralyssalovespussy@yahoo.com
Alyssa_playfulbellaxuvgf_8738alyssa_playfulbellaxuvgf_8738@yahoo.com
Amant_64amant_64@yahoo.com
Amarwat@hotmail.comamarwat@hotmail.com
Amastersdreamslaveamastersdreamslave@yahoo.com
Amber amberamber_g_khan@yahoo.com
Amberk20caamberk20ca@yahoo.com
Ambersweet2022@sbcglobal.netambersweet2022@sbcglobal.net@yahoo.com
Ambreenpakiiambreenpakii@yahoo.com
Amerthavarshiniamerthavarshini@yahoo.com
Amina_waqamina_waq@yahoo.com
Aminekoubaaminekouba@yahoo.com
Aminoke (anja) ..aminoke2170@yahoo.com
Amisha_batelamisha_batel@yahoo.com
Amjid khannayab20055@yahoo.com
Ammaralishawammaralishaw@yahoo.com
Amna amnaamna_saeed4@yahoo.com
Amna haseebamna_haseeb9000@yahoo.com
Amna6decamna6dec@yahoo.com
Amna_jamilamna_jamil@yahoo.com
Amna_rani000amna_rani000@yahoo.com
Amy_gearknob25amy_gearknob25@yahoo.com
Amy_the_lost_demonamy_the_lost_demon@yahoo.com
Amyhtramyhtr@yahoo.com
Ana_chem1ana_chem1@yahoo.com
Andrea001470_22andrea001470_22@yahoo.com
Andrea0421andrea0421@yahoo.com
Andrea04715andrea04715@yahoo.com
Andrea06047andrea06047@yahoo.com
Andrea06071andrea06071@yahoo.com
Andrea06362andrea06362@yahoo.com
Andrea06814andrea06814@yahoo.com
Andrea07145andrea07145@yahoo.com
Andrea07258andrea07258@yahoo.com
Andrea08556andrea08556@yahoo.com
Andrea08738andrea08738@yahoo.com
Andrea08784andrea08784@yahoo.com
Andrea08vlandrea08vl@yahoo.com
Andrea09091967andrea09091967@yahoo.com
Angel_of_rose023angel_of_rose023@yahoo.com
Angelakitty2005angelakitty2005@yahoo.com
Angeldustblackangel_1323@yahoo.com
Angeli_usaangeli_usa@yahoo.com
Angelicaa_maybe4uangelicaa_maybe4u@yahoo.com
Angelordevil218angelordevil218@yahoo.com
Angiebi70angiebi70@yahoo.com
Angilu022884angilu022884@yahoo.com
Ani mamani_sweety123@yahoo.com
Anil dsouzaa1play@yahoo.com
Anila_imran_khananila_imran_khan@yahoo.com
Anita.rockeranita.rocker@yahoo.com
Anita_ahmadzaianita_ahmadzai@yahoo.com
Anitas_erzieheranitas_erzieher@yahoo.com
Anjila6765de_35anjila6765de_35@yahoo.com
Anju kathuriaanjukthr@yahoo.com
Anju_libriananju_librian@yahoo.com
Anjukthr@yahoo.comanjukthr@yahoo.com
Anmbreen_nooranmbreen_noor@yahoo.com
Annasmart_girlannasmart_girl@yahoo.com
Annie khana2325nn@yahoo.com
Annie_3lolannie_3lol@yahoo.com
Appetizing_erinappetizing_erin@yahoo.com
Aprilc1783aprilc1783@yahoo.com
Arbab232003arbab232003@yahoo.com
Arbabmkhanarbabmkhan@yahoo.com
Aredhotspecial1aredhotspecial1@yahoo.com
Areeeba_12334areeeba_12334@yahoo.com
Aretaeliot7319aretaeliot7319@yahoo.com
Armaghan_ynarmaghan_yn@yahoo.com
Arsalshaniarsalshani@yahoo.com
Artipickooartipickoo@yahoo.com
Asadullah kakakhelasadullah5877550@yahoo.com
Ash jash73qa@yahoo.ca
Ashfaq hussainashfaqhussain_55@yahoo.com
Ashi_gee4444ashi_gee4444@yahoo.com
Ashia_malik19ashia_malik19@yahoo.com
Ashish sanyaindorecpl2006@yahoo.com
Ashley ainsworthash_n_jerm2001@yahoo.com
Ashyta_washyta_w@yahoo.com
Asia delaneysexestwhispers@yahoo.com
Asifkhan87asifkhan87@yahoo.com
Ask?swat50code3@yahoo.com
Ask_scarletteask_scarlette@yahoo.com
Asma4allfriendsasma4allfriends@yahoo.com
Asmaikramulhaqasmaikramulhaq@yahoo.com
Aswathy mohandasaswathy_mohan_das@yahoo.com
Atinystone@yahoo.comatinystone@yahoo.com
Autumn_rainbow1993autumn_rainbow1993@yahoo.com
Ayesha4youayesha4you@yahoo.com
Ayub khannoreen_kmc@yahoo.com
Azam khanhasenawajed@yahoo.com
Babar waseembabar_waseem117@yahoo.com
Babygirl_333_2000babygirl_333_2000@yahoo.com
Bakht nazarhot_lesa23pk@yahoo.com
Bano_jan2000bano_jan2000@yahoo.com
Bark117bark117@yahoo.com
Baronshalbaronshal@yahoo.com
Batgirl9923batgirl9923@yahoo.com
Baygirl38baygirl38@yahoo.com
Bcinc0412_77bcinc0412_77@yahoo.com
Beccadaisygrl24@yahoo.com
Beejayemceebeejayemcee@yahoo.com
Beenawantsbeenawants@yahoo.com
Best_nude_coed230best_nude_coed230@yahoo.com
Best_of_peshawarbest_of_peshawar@yahoo.com
Betina_brandtbetina_brandt@yahoo.com
Better_548better_548@yahoo.com
Bettifeetbettifeet@yahoo.com
Bewaafa khanhoriyarazaq17@yahoo.com
Biggerxxisxxbetterbiggerxxisxxbetter@yahoo.com
Biscotscouple2000biscotscouple2000@yahoo.com
Blacksphinx666blacksphinx666@yahoo.com
Blondeboldnbrassblondeboldnbrass@yahoo.com
Blowheart_khanzadablowheart_khanzada@yahoo.com
Bona afbona_af@yahoo.com
Bonmi miroongtre63@yahoo.com
Boobiedebraboobiedebra@yahoo.com
Bpadhymscbpadhymsc@yahoo.com
Brianna patinotrojanette_10@yahoo.com
Brinda schendelbrinnymarie@yahoo.com
Bt9fjbt9fj@yahoo.com
Bty2462036k.uren265@btinternet.com
Buddababe_66@sbcglobal.netbuddababe_66@sbcglobal.net@yahoo.com
Bugs@limewire.combugs@limewire.com
Buster bustertampa_cd2006@yahoo.com
Buttercup0499buttercup0499@yahoo.com
Buttercups1375buttercups1375@yahoo.com
Cadbury_dairymilk1cadbury_dairymilk1@yahoo.com
Cali_babe1451cali_babe1451@yahoo.com
Camila arroyosexualcamila@yahoo.com
Camou_fcamou_f@yahoo.com
Candle_of_roomcandle_of_room@yahoo.com
Cante_waste_winyan_71cante_waste_winyan_71@yahoo.com
Capt007_4ucapt007_4u@yahoo.com
Capti_007capti_007@yahoo.com
Carol_1976aucarol_1976au@yahoo.com
Casscaro32casscaro32@yahoo.com
Cd_schlampecd_schlampe@yahoo.com
Chelseapotterville_hermione@yahoo.com
Chrisy wrightchrisylickes@yahoo.com
Cntcfayaz1987cntcfayaz1987@yahoo.com
Connieblondebomb_40@yahoo.com
Contact@theresearchers.orgcontact@theresearchers.org
Cool_si_mundicool_si_mundi@yahoo.com
Coolgirl_1zcoolgirl_1z@yahoo.com
Cplcraze artcplcraze10@yahoo.com
Crafti.girlcrafti.girl@yahoo.com
Crimelord2crimelord2@yahoo.com
Cupid sunnycupid_sunny2002@yahoo.com
Cupid_bani1cupid_bani1@yahoo.com
Cute_gal_pk1cute_gal_pk1@yahoo.com
Cute_kiran4mecute_kiran4me@yahoo.com
Cutekittycarriecutekittycarrie@yahoo.com
Dailyvcoinhanoidailyvcoinhanoi@yahoo.com
Dallas_gurl20051dallas_gurl20051@yahoo.com
Dariana adrianadariana52@yahoo.com
Dark_princess_naomidark_princess_naomi@yahoo.com
Dating.internationaldating.international@yahoo.com
Dawn mcelligottJus_mce_@hotmail.com
Desdemonia lestatdesdemonia_lestat@yahoo.com
Dhru jariwalaahmedabad_for_u_a_lady@yahoo.com
Diana.crazydiana.crazy@yahoo.com
Diana_saggiodiana_saggio@yahoo.com
Dil_jan_love_phoolandevidil_jan_love_phoolandevi@yahoo.com
Dil_ki_baataydil_ki_baatay@yahoo.com
Dil_tore_kaydil_tore_kay@yahoo.com
Dilavazadilavaza@yahoo.com
Dodye 01dodye_01@yahoo.com
Dolly_gurl1510dolly_gurl1510@yahoo.com
Dolphy_iz_heredolphy_iz_here@yahoo.com
Donna fattertoncrazy_donna18@yahoo.com
Donnawilsonarlingtondonnawilsonarlington@yahoo.com
Dosti_ever2006dosti_ever2006@yahoo.com
Dwt laradwt_lara@yahoo.com
Dwt_ninadwt_nina@yahoo.com
Ebonychild69ebonychild69@yahoo.com
Ebonypussyqueen69ebonypussyqueen69@yahoo.com
Elena_red76elena_red76@yahoo.com
Emb.islamabad@mfa.noemb.islamabad@mfa.no
Emma forfuna.fem4fun@yahoo.com
Essa5710256essa5710256@yahoo.com
Eunice trigger saundersagentsaunders@yahoo.com
Evil_angel_1981evil_angel_1981@yahoo.com
Ewd velaewd_vela@yahoo.com
Faddy_999faddy_999@yahoo.com
Fahimgunner71fahimgunner71@yahoo.com
Fahimullahchitralfahimullahchitral@yahoo.com
Fairon snowcuddlycutesassy@yahoo.com
Fairon snowcuddlycutesassy@yahoo.com
Faiza_nrfaiza_nr@yahoo.com
Faiza_saif84faiza_saif84@yahoo.com
Farah alifarah_soni19@yahoo.com
Farah_love_sanamfarah_love_sanam@yahoo.com
Farhan khanfarkhanda_777@yahoo.com
Fathi_jifathi_ji@yahoo.com
Fatima_0333_9633294fatima_0333_9633294@yahoo.com
Fatima_ga321fatima_ga321@yahoo.com
Fayyaz03018957587 muhammadfayyaz03018957587@yahoo.com
Fazal khansamandarbibi@yahoo.com
Feel4bestfeel4best@yahoo.com
Feroz khansalma_nazz212@yahoo.com
Feroz shahferozshahf4140p6ha@yahoo.com
Ferozeshawferozeshaw@yahoo.com
Ffstocking28ffstocking28@yahoo.com
Fiona420slutfiona420slut@yahoo.com
Fooey2001fooey2001@yahoo.com
For me to know....you to find outleila_doll@yahoo.co.uk
Frank_nakedfrank_naked2000@yahoo.com
Free_lesbian5free_lesbian5@yahoo.com
Frentez_fanofrentez_fano@yahoo.com
Funlovin lelfunlovinlel@yahoo.com
Funonthenet moderatorfunonthenet-owner@yahoogroups.com
Gabriella dipontigabriella_diponti@yahoo.com
Gail knightenemas_girls@yahoo.com
Gayatri_rajan30gayatri_rajan30@yahoo.com
Ghazal akhtarsweethina1983@yahoo.com
Gheechubby_na_pinay@yahoo.com
Giang nguy lenguylegiang@yahoo.com
Girliemaniegogirliemaniego@yahoo.com
Gulalai lewalgulalai_lewal@yahoo.com
Gulmena2004gulmena2004@yahoo.com
Gulsanam abdunazarovagulsanama@yahoo.com
Gulshan8200gulshan8200@yahoo.com
Habeebakhanhabeebakhan@yahoo.com
Hahsila tayahhahsila.tayah@yahoo.com
Haleeema_khanhaleeema_khan@yahoo.com
Handsomekhankhi02_28handsomekhankhi02_28@yahoo.com
Hangtang5f_27hangtang5f_27@yahoo.com
Hanh dinhone_in_million87@yahoo.com
Hanh dinhone_in_million87@yahoo.com
Haniya shahhaniya_shah@yahoo.com
Hannah williamshannah.lovesu@yahoo.com
Haroon11188haroon11188@yahoo.com
Harpal singhharpal_nitk@yahoo.com
Harpal_nitfriends-------huckk-------@rogers.com.1096955178harpal_nitfriends-------huckk-------@rogers.com.1096955178@yahoo.com
Harriethennessyharriethennessy@yahoo.com
Hasalishahasalisha@yahoo.com
Hash ahhyatalisha@yahoo.com
Hash khanhash1kn@yahoo.com
Hassina ansarihassinaansari@yahoo.com
Hauntingoslinghauntingosling@yahoo.com
Hayathay.at@hotmail.com
Hayat alishahhyatasha@yahoo.com
Hayat alishahhayat03015907895@yahoo.com
Hayat alishahdreaded.dentist@yahoo.com
Hayat khanhayatnha@yahoo.com
Hayat shahhayatalishah2002@yahoo.com
Hayat_alishahhayat_alishah@yahoo.com
Hayat_alishah2002hayat_alishah2002@yahoo.com
Hayata.shahhayata.shah@yahoo.com
Hayatali shahhayatalisha2002@yahoo.com
Hayatali shahhayat_alishah2002@yahoo.com
Hayatali shahhayatalishaw@yahoo.com
Hayatalishah2002@yahoo.comhayatalishah2002@yahoo.com
Hayatalishahf4140p6hapes@msn.comhayatalishahf4140p6hapes@msn.com
Hayatalishahh140phayat6f4hayatalishahh140phayat6f4@yahoo.com
Hayatalishaw@yaho.comhayatalishaw@yaho.com
Hayatalishaw@yahoo.comhayatalishaw@yahoo.com
Hayatashah@msn.comhayatashah@msn.com
Hayatjamalnusrathayatjamalnusrat@yahoo.com
Heather marie triggheathermarie_trigg@yahoo.com
Heaven rosenoentry4lol@yahoo.com
Heera_hashmiheera_hashmi@yahoo.com
Hesham haddadhadddad_2006@yahoo.com
Hina hinahina_ali_50@yahoo.com
Hina1323hina1323@yahoo.com
Hinatillathinatillat@yahoo.com
Hippunkprincessevilhippunkprincessevil@yahoo.com
Horneymaria32horneymaria32@yahoo.com
Hot_pussy_huge_titshot_pussy_huge_tits@yahoo.com
Humaid moizhumaid_islamian@yahoo.com
Humaira_malik87humaira_malik87@yahoo.com
I'm tea chanho0_2nti_7oz34ou_0o@yahoo.com
I_want_to_email_natalieei_want_to_email_nataliee@yahoo.com
Insha_80insha_80@yahoo.com
Invisible ...sadiaimranali@yahoo.com
Irfan khantum_ache_lagey@yahoo.com
Jamalnusrat hayatjamalnusrathayat@yahoo.com
Jamiroestrella_syp@yahoo.com
Jammie suncopula1967@yahoo.com
Jan ushayatabad_sweety_girl@yahoo.com
Janice_florida18janice_florida18@yahoo.com
Jenell_watersjenell_waters@yahoo.com
Jenifera18_lookin4_actionjenifera18_lookin4_action@yahoo.com
Jenn secretg1rl1000@yahoo.co.uk
Jenny vasquezkristinajen@yahoo.com
Jess taylorjesswaitress@yahoo.com
Jessica rabbittoontownbunny2005@yahoo.com
Jill2779jill2779@yahoo.com
Jing_101772jing_101772@yahoo.com
Jitu_gaur27jitu_gaur27@yahoo.com
Jumamohammad27jumamohammad27@yahoo.com
Junaid_khan981junaid_khan981@yahoo.com
Kahi_kissi_roozkahi_kissi_rooz@yahoo.com
Karen ferrellolive_oyl_1111@yahoo.com
Karen myerscountrybee727@yahoo.com
Kashan abdullahpreitysana_4u@yahoo.com
Kathy spaldingblondiehellraiser_06@yahoo.com
Kc crumplerbluemntgirl@yahoo.com
Kelly_machine_rockskelly_machine_rocks@yahoo.com
Kendie1229kendie1229@yahoo.com
Khadiga alinightwait@yahoo.com
Khalidmuskan2khalidmuskan2@yahoo.com
Khushboo_fanikhushboo_fani@yahoo.com
Khushieidkhushieid@yahoo.com
King flowerkanyizayab@yahoo.com
Kkkiran_khankkkiran_khan@yahoo.com
Kom_il111kom_il111@yahoo.com
Kuko sweetsweet_kuku2006@yahoo.com
Lacey.hamlitlacey.hamlit@yahoo.com
Lacey_more22lacey_more22@yahoo.com
Lady_doctor420lady_doctor420@yahoo.com
Laila_khan2050laila_khan2050@yahoo.com
Lauren_bootslauren_boots@yahoo.com
Laurenpunchlaurenpunch@yahoo.com
Leae69leae69@yahoo.com
Lio_200615lio_200615@yahoo.com
Lissachickielissachickie@yahoo.com
Loan_pham_thanhloan_pham_thanh@yahoo.com
Love_for_slove_for_s@yahoo.com
Love_main_kabi_kabilove_main_kabi_kabi@yahoo.com
Lovingmyson2004lovingmyson2004@yahoo.com
M_dodge_dartm_dodge_dart@yahoo.com
Maaz09maaz09@yahoo.com
Machy solangishakir_im2001@yahoo.com
Maddie tvmaddietvuk@yahoo.com
Magiccrystalballmagiccrystalball@yahoo.com
Maira560933maira560933@yahoo.com
Malikbabarhassanmalikbabarhassan@yahoo.com
Manatee_love1011manatee_love1011@yahoo.com
Mandy mendezmandy_bi_81@yahoo.com
Mandy.dandymandy.dandy@yahoo.com
Mangala daulathmangala_daulath@yahoo.com
Manzoor alipalwaashha@yahoo.com
Marghoob ahmadchocklati001@yahoo.com
Maria stella lopezcaringshane@yahoo.com
Maria00devotmaria00devot@yahoo.com
Maria_kinky_cam8spimaria_kinky_cam8spi@yahoo.com
Marjann_air_g_4u@yahoo.com
Martina markmartinamark69@yahoo.com
Mary kirklandsweetgirlseeksspanishorbrazilian@yahoo.com
Master mixebilotio@yahoo.com
Maureenplinesmaureenplines@yahoo.com
Me�-(�`v��)-�aubs eee eee eee eeed_step8252006@yahoo.com
Mf_da_009mf_da_009@yahoo.com
Mido matrixmidomatrix_2000@yahoo.com
Mike leadertoday_off@yahoo.com
Mindi boicoca_cola_kiwi_mocha_girl@yahoo.com
Miriam25_1981miriam25_1981@yahoo.com
Miss.rb_bluemiss.rb_blue@yahoo.com
Miss_kim_waltersmiss_kim_walters@yahoo.com
Missworks2much23missworks2much23@yahoo.com
Mistress reginamistressreginadc@yahoo.com
Mistymisty_news@yahoo.com
Misty dawn brownmisty2misty2004@yahoo.com
Mistyrott89mistyrott89@yahoo.com
Mistyshadows2umistyshadows2u@yahoo.com
Mm_xx_55mm_xx_55@yahoo.com
Mnc_lbrtmnc_lbrt@yahoo.com
Mneuplanner69mneuplanner69@yahoo.com
Mohamed mkaouermkaouer@yahoo.com
Mohammad janasimjanasim@yahoo.com
Mohammad usmansanahabib039@yahoo.com
Molines@brain.net.pkmolines@brain.net.pk
Mom_gianna2mom_gianna2@yahoo.com
Ms.nottacluems.nottaclue@yahoo.com
Ms_ruth_annms_ruth_ann@yahoo.com
Mscorti_cam_1009mscorti_cam_1009@yahoo.com
Mukhtiar ahmadsoniamukhtiar@yahoo.com
Mutahir mehrajafsu_sweet@yahoo.com
Mystery momahotmysterymom@yahoo.com
Nabeelaferoz asadnabeelaferozasadullah@yahoo.com
Nadia_khan22pknadia_khan22pk@yahoo.com
Naila_707naila_707@yahoo.com
Nan_n_rick_seek_femalenan_n_rick_seek_female@yahoo.com
Nanna_munna_cool_babynanna_munna_cool_baby@yahoo.com
Naray_naray77naray_naray77@yahoo.com
Nasty_n_nice2005nasty_n_nice2005@yahoo.com
Naughty?a8een@yahoo.com
Neelam_pk110neelam_pk110@yahoo.com
Nelly pobesingle_sex45@yahoo.com
Nev_parkernev_parker@yahoo.com
Nghi�m m?nhmeodien_hau@yahoo.com
Nguyentran hoanganhxuxu_16@yahoo.com
Night4waitnight4wait@yahoo.com
Night_beauty_89night_beauty_89@yahoo.com
Nikkie vdnikkie34_xxx@yahoo.com
Nikkie34_xxxnikkie34_xxx@yahoo.com
Noor nadiracutegurlz87@yahoo.com
Normanorma0072000@yahoo.com
Norvikhnorvikh@yahoo.com
Nouman ks200noumanks200@yahoo.com
Nylon_lady48nylon_lady48@yahoo.com
Olya rymanovicholya_rymas@yahoo.com
Omer ahmedomer_ahmed1970@yahoo.com
Osama kasiko_kasik@yahoo.com
Osman yeginyeginosman@yahoo.com
Paku grehapaku_greha_1966@yahoo.com
Panty_spanker2000panty_spanker2000@yahoo.com
Papa_kii_parripapa_kii_parri@yahoo.com
Pardesi20042001pardesi20042001@yahoo.com
Parrie hallmsp2u61@yahoo.com
Pattydevine123pattydevine123@yahoo.com
Payarsadilpayarsadil@yahoo.com
Payeljust4upayeljust4u@yahoo.com
Perfect_evil_1perfect_evil_1@yahoo.com
Peshawar_lover_143peshawar_lover_143@yahoo.com
Petitejess_on_campetitejess_on_cam@yahoo.com
Phuong linh nguyenkysuthuongnhat@yahoo.com
Phuong vanphuongtiensi@yahoo.com
Princesbehappyprincesbehappy@yahoo.com
Princess mileyamy_the_lost_demon2002@yahoo.com
Pritikaptlpritikaptl@yahoo.com
Profsan nisarprofsan@yahoo.com
Pushpa sexinapushpa_sexina@yahoo.com
Queen_anzalnaqueen_anzalna@yahoo.com
Rabi_sweet2005rabi_sweet2005@yahoo.com
Rabia11000rabia11000@yahoo.com
Rachael85323rachael85323@yahoo.com
Rachelp_in_sexy_lingerierachelp_in_sexy_lingerie@yahoo.com
Raima_2004_99raima_2004_99@yahoo.com
Rani_attarani_atta@yahoo.com
Rasidahassan111rasidahassan111@yahoo.com
Ray plattray195039@yahoo.com
Ray plattplatty27@yahoo.com
Real_action_from_shannona19real_action_from_shannona19@yahoo.com
Red_sparrow_sdred_sparrow_sd@yahoo.com
Redddiva_b_2000redddiva_b_2000@yahoo.com
Riz_ali777riz_ali777@yahoo.com
Robert dachrbbrdcky188@yahoo.com
Rodeogirl293rodeogirl293@yahoo.com
Roshan khattakroshan5992426@yahoo.com
Ruaan kleinhansuntamed_cock@yahoo.com
Rukh_e_mahtab143rukh_e_mahtab143@yahoo.com
Ruquia_pkruquia_pk@yahoo.com
Saba5amsaba5am@yahoo.com
Saba_kahn83saba_kahn83@yahoo.com
Sabinelolita_sabine_1986@yahoo.de
Sabrina_cookssabrina_cooks@yahoo.com
Sahar_seemasahar_seema@yahoo.com
Saifoo nasirsarah_pes@yahoo.com
Saimaali_sabasaimaali_saba@yahoo.com
Saintsaint5445@gmail.com
Saira misbahgirl_fsd007@yahoo.com
Sajida mushtaqsajida_gormani@yahoo.com
Salado_007salado_007@yahoo.com
Salma alisalmalishaw@yahoo.com
Salma alishahsalmalishah@yahoo.com
Salma alishahshahsalmaali@yahoo.com
Salman mithaafreen_m20@yahoo.com
Sameena_000sameena_000@yahoo.com
Sana_19_peshsana_19_pesh@yahoo.com
Sana_chohdrisana_chohdri@yahoo.com
Sana_jan200020022003sana_jan200020022003@yahoo.com
Sanais goodgirlsanaisgoodgirl@yahoo.com
Sanamakhansanamakhan@yahoo.com
Sandygarsan@yahoo.com
Sania_khan_1433sania_khan_1433@yahoo.com
Sanika_mirzasanika_mirza@yahoo.com
Sanika_mirza@yahoo.co.insanika_mirza@yahoo.co.in@yahoo.com
Santa fernandosanta22022@yahoo.com
Santana malonesweety_1393@yahoo.com
Sara oveisisims_sara_happy@yahoo.com
Sara.smith_18sara.smith_18@yahoo.com
Sara_chekysara_cheky@yahoo.com
Sarah rayfreak_show_88420@yahoo.com
Saraj khanbalawosh1@yahoo.com
Saraj khanrajkhan1982@yahoo.com
Sardar qureshisardar_qureshi400@yahoo.com
Sarry moonsexbox00100@yahoo.com
Sasha swt suga4rfansty1@yahoo.com
Sassyredhead72771sassyredhead72771@yahoo.com
Sensual_erotic_desiresensual_erotic_desire@yahoo.com
Serwaah189serwaah189@yahoo.com
Sexchat_katzesexchat_katze@yahoo.com
Shahhayat alishahhayatali@yahoo.com
Shahid mobileshahid9590726@yahoo.com
Shahma_17shahma_17@yahoo.com
Shahmasood tariqtariqmasoodshah@yahoo.com
Shahroz ahmedshairu_psh@yahoo.com
Shahrukhkhan_a1shahrukhkhan_a1@yahoo.com
Shahzad alamshahzadalamchitral@yahoo.com
Shakeel9593932shakeel9593932@yahoo.com
Shakila_naz99shakila_naz99@yahoo.com
Shakylove4ushakylove4u@yahoo.com
Shavednwet82shavednwet82@yahoo.com
Shaziapk20shaziapk20@yahoo.com
Sheeba gulsheeba_gul35@yahoo.com
Sheezajawaidsheezajawaid@yahoo.com
Shelley smshelo10@yahoo.com
Shelly collumhotwifess@yahoo.com
Shemalerachelshemalerachel@yahoo.com
Shery rose villasisshery_rose@yahoo.com
Shirleynitroxdecruz@yahoo.com
Showstopper_1o1showstopper_1o1@yahoo.com
Shuaakhan2007shuaakhan2007@yahoo.com
Shy girlshygirl_9474@yahoo.com
Shytonak_n2004shytonak_n2004@yahoo.com
Sidra shahshahsidra@yahoo.com
Siriussnuffles_sb@yahoo.com
Slidesinsideslidesinside@yahoo.com
Smallandpertsallysmallandpertsally@yahoo.com
Smartspiderguyammarsmartspiderguyammar@yahoo.com
Smiletears4usmiletears4u@yahoo.com
Smilie babybeauty2086@yahoo.com
Snow_girl653snow_girl653@yahoo.com
Sobia_ibrahim2003sobia_ibrahim2003@yahoo.com
Some one some wherebigeebilli_2004@yahoo.com
Somerandombeesomerandombee@yahoo.com
Sonia sadiqcontact2ezz@yahoo.com
Sonia_2004_2006sonia_2004_2006@yahoo.com
Sonia_akram_alisonia_akram_ali@yahoo.com
Sonia_khan7322sonia_khan7322@yahoo.com
Sonia_khan7322 khanaqeela0000@yahoo.com
Sonia_kiran75sonia_kiran75@yahoo.com
Sonofsa10sonofsa10@yahoo.com
Spareunspareun@yahoo.com
Spikejones879spikejones879@yahoo.com
Spoilblkgoddessvixenspoilblkgoddessvixen@yahoo.com
Srsc@brain.net.pksrsc@brain.net.pk
Stephanie etheredgese83083@yahoo.com
Steven nadanshirley30temple@yahoo.com
Submissive_cd4usubmissive_cd4u@yahoo.com
Sue gonzalezsue_24879@yahoo.com
Sue_ann_robinssue_ann_robins@yahoo.com
Sugar kandimonaischarming@yahoo.com
Suman sharmaxxx_suman_xxx@yahoo.com
Sumera_15151sumera_15151@yahoo.com
Sun_g8shinesun_g8shine@yahoo.com
Sundri_onlinesundri_online@yahoo.com
Sunshine_ninosunshine_nino@yahoo.com
Supa_sharna_showitall4usupa_sharna_showitall4u@yahoo.com
Susan collinslionheartu2003@yahoo.com
Susiefry22susiefry22@yahoo.com
Sweet trufflesweet_truffle2000@yahoo.com
Sweet_smile_87sweet_smile_87@yahoo.com
Sweetarielle74sweetarielle74@yahoo.com
Sweethina18sweethina18@yahoo.com
Sweety_afghani_2005sweety_afghani_2005@yahoo.com
Sweetysania21sweetysania21@yahoo.com
System administratorpostmaster@state.gov
Tanonthegotanonthego@yahoo.com
Tanyams_excited_and_readytanyams_excited_and_ready@yahoo.com
Tarakini2000tarakini2000@yahoo.com
Tariq masoodmasoodnchd@yahoo.com
Tariqmaoodshahtariqmaoodshah@yahoo.com
Tariqmasoodshah@hotmail.comtariqmasoodshah@hotmail.com
Tasty_tanyar_wants_utasty_tanyar_wants_u@yahoo.com
Taxy420taxy420@yahoo.com
Tbattaglia_2006tbattaglia_2006@yahoo.com
Terrilovaterrilova@yahoo.com
The trueswitch teamyahoosupport@trueswitch.com
Theology_a1theology_a1@yahoo.com
Thinxeuropistcountingmyconfessions@yahoo.com
Thu hangcongchualachau@yahoo.com
Tina dwtkaschra05@yahoo.de
Tina splshark67@yahoo.com
Tina s.tinakleinesau@yahoo.com
Tina_ahmed2006tina_ahmed2006@yahoo.com
Tinadominatinadomina@yahoo.com
Tinyatinystone@yahoo.com
Tinylass21tinylass21@yahoo.com
Tracytimmlmttracytimmlmt@yahoo.com
Transvestiteracheltransvestiterachel@yahoo.com
Trish mcbridea_hot_boyz_gurl@yahoo.com
Twisty_testy_4_evertwisty_testy_4_ever@yahoo.com
Tyyy 5tyuyyutuylipden3108@yahoo.com
Uglyduck4nowuglyduck4now@yahoo.com
Umernisar12umernisar12@yahoo.com
Ur_soo_sweet1127ur_soo_sweet1127@yahoo.com
Urooj aliu4uroojali@yahoo.com
Uzma_szicuzma_szic@yahoo.com
Uzumaki narutoa_flames_eternal_light@yahoo.com
Vanessanicoletgvanessanicoletg@yahoo.com
Varun phadnisa221172114@yahoo.com
Varun singhabaide04@yahoo.com
Varun_phadnisvarun_phadnis@yahoo.com
Veronica youngmrstigara@yahoo.com
Vunamanh0385vunamanh0385@yahoo.com
Vvebcam_ladyvvebcam_lady@yahoo.com
Vvebcam_lady2vvebcam_lady2@yahoo.com
Wahid1@emirates.net.aewahid1@emirates.net.ae
Waqas khanb_life_love@yahoo.com
Waqaskhan_kicwaqaskhan_kic@yahoo.com
Warmesahnewarmesahne@yahoo.de
Wefnelinwefnelin@yahoo.com
Widayat ullahanila_khattak@yahoo.com
Widayatullahwidayatullah@yahoo.com
Wildvanessa905wildvanessa905@yahoo.com
Wrestpam1995wrestpam1995@yahoo.com
Xoxoxo_socialbutterflys_oxoxoxxoxoxo_socialbutterflys_oxoxox@yahoo.com
Yahoo!mailbot@yahoo.com
Yahoo! 360 alertsalerts-yahoo360@yahoo-inc.com
Yasar kulyasarkul@yahoo.com
Zandani ouitiszandanio@yahoo.com
Zarbedari_2003zarbedari_2003@yahoo.com
Zarmeena khanzarmeena1000@yahoo.com
Znb_shahznb_shah@yahoo.com
Zoeyluvzoeygirl@yahoo.com
Zoey girlluvzoeygirl@yahoo.ca
Zua2zua2@yahoo.com
~*felisha*~pattyseven@sbcglobal.net
~gin~ patrick---gin-ls---@rogers.com@yahoo.com
Friends on hi5
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
